polar molecule
[ /ˈpoʊlər ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ]
极性分子
📖 定义
A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule, resulting in partially positive and partially negative poles.
nonpolar molecule
[ /nɑːnpˈɑːlər ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ]
非极性分子
📖 定义
A molecule that lacks a net electric charge or dipole moment due to equal sharing of electrons or symmetrical molecular geometry, making it hydrophobic.
hydrogen bond
[ /ˈhaɪdrəʤən bɑnd/ ]
氢键
📖 定义
A weak bond formed between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, in different molecules or within a large molecule.
cohesion
[ /koʊˈhiʒən/ ]
内聚力
📖 定义
The attraction between molecules of the same substance, often seen in water due to hydrogen bonding.
adhesion
[ /æˈdhiʒən/ ]
粘附力
📖 定义
The attraction between molecules of different substances, such as water adhering to plant cell walls.
surface tension
[ /ˈsərfəs ˈtɛnʃən/ ]
表面张力
📖 定义
The cohesive forces at the surface of a liquid that allow it to resist external forces and form a "skin."
specific heat/heat capacity
[ /spɪˈsɪfɪk hit / hit kəˈpæsɪti/ ]
比热容
📖 定义
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
heat of vaporization
[ /hit əv veɪpərəˈzeɪʃən/ ]
气化潜能
📖 定义
The amount of heat required to convert one gram of a liquid into vapor without a temperature change.
boiling point
[ /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ pɔɪnt/ ]
沸点
📖 定义
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external atmospheric pressure, requiring substantial thermal energy to break intermolecular hydrogen bonds in water.
hydrophilic
[ /ˌhaɪdrəˈfɪlɪk/ ]
亲水的
📖 定义
Substances that interact well with water, often due to polar or charged properties.
hydrophobic
[ /ˌhaɪdrəˈfoʊbɪk/ ]
疏水的
📖 定义
Substances that repel water, typically nonpolar and unable to form hydrogen bonds.
organic molecule
[ /ɔrˈgænɪk ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ]
有机分子
📖 定义
A chemical compound that contains carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen and often other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
macromolecule
[ /ˌmækroʊˈmɑːlɪkjuːl/ ]
大分子
📖 定义
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
monomer
[ /ˈmɑnəmər/ ]
单体
📖 定义
A small molecule that can bind chemically to form larger molecules.
polymer
[ /ˈpɑləmər/ ]
多聚体
📖 定义
A large molecule composed of repeating monomeric units linked by covalent bonds.
dehydration reaction/ dehydration synthesis/
[ /ˌdihaɪˈdreɪʃən riˈækʃən / ˌdihaɪˈdreɪʃən ˈsɪnθəsəs/ ]
脱水缩合
📖 定义
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by covalent bonds with the removal of a water molecule.
hydrolysis
[ /haɪˈdrɑːləsɪs/ ]
水解
📖 定义
A chemical reaction in which water is used to break bonds between molecules.
carbohydrates
[ /ˌkɑrboʊˈhaɪdreɪts/ ]
碳水化合物
📖 定义
Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, primarily used for energy storage and structural purposes.
condensation monosaccharide
[ /ˌkɑndənˈseɪʃən ˌmɑːnoʊˈsækəraɪd/ ]
单糖
📖 定义
The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule.
glucose
[ /ˈɡluːkoʊs/ ]
葡萄糖
📖 定义
A six-carbon monosaccharide (hexose) with the molecular formula C6H12O6; serves as the primary substrate for cellular respiration and a monomer for glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
galactose
[ /ɡəˈlæktoʊs/ ]
半乳糖
📖 定义
A six-carbon aldose monosaccharide that is a stereoisomer of glucose; combines with glucose via a beta-1,4-glycosidic bond to form the disaccharide lactose.
fructose
[ /ˈfrʊktoʊs/ ]
果糖
📖 定义
A six-carbon keto-hexose monosaccharide found commonly in fruits and honey; combines with glucose via an alpha-1,beta-2-glycosidic bond to form sucrose.
disaccharide
[ /daɪˈsækəraɪd/ ]
二糖
📖 定义
A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
maltose
[ /ˈmɔːltoʊs/ ]
麦芽糖
📖 定义
A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by an alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond; produced during the enzymatic breakdown of starch.
sucrose
[ /ˈsuːkroʊs/ ]
蔗糖
📖 定义
A common disaccharide (table sugar) consisting of one glucose and one fructose molecule linked by a glycosidic bond; major transport form of sugar in plants.
lactose
[ /ˈlæktoʊs/ ]
乳糖
📖 定义
A disaccharide composed of one galactose and one glucose unit joined by a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage; the primary carbohydrate found in mammalian milk.
polysaccharide
[ /ˌpɑːliˈsækəraɪd/ ]
多糖
📖 定义
A complex carbohydrate consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units.
starch
[ /stɑrʧ/ ]
淀粉
📖 定义
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds (composed of amylose and amylopectin).
glycogen
[ /ˈɡlaɪkədʒən/ ]
糖原
📖 定义
An extensively branched storage polysaccharide of glucose found in animal liver and muscle tissues; hydrolyzed to release glucose when metabolic demand increases.
cellulose
[ /ˈsɛljʊloʊs/ ]
纤维素
📖 定义
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls consisting of straight, unbranched beta-1,4-linked glucose chains bundled into rigid, insoluble microfibrils.
lipids
[ /lˈɪpədz/ ]
脂类
📖 定义
A group of hydrophobic organic molecules, including fats, oils, and steroids, that are used for energy storage and cell membrane structure.
fatty acid
[ /ˈfæti ˈæsəd/ ]
脂肪酸
📖 定义
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, a key component of lipids.
hydrocarbon chain
[ /ˌhaɪdroʊˈkɑrbən ʧeɪn/ ]
碳氢链
📖 定义
A nonpolar chain of covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, such as the fatty acid tail of lipids, that is hydrophobic and energy-rich.
saturated fatty acid
[ /ˈsæʧərˌeɪtɪd ˈfæti ˈæsəd/ ]
饱和脂肪酸
📖 定义
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, a key component of lipids.
unsaturated fatty acid
[ /ənˈsæʧərˌeɪtɪd ˈfæti ˈæsəd/ ]
不饱和脂肪酸
📖 定义
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, a key component of lipids.
glycerol
[ /ˈglɪsərˌoʊl/ ]
甘油
📖 定义
A three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl (-OH) groups that forms the covalent backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids through ester linkages.
triglyceride
[ /traɪˈɡlɪsəraɪd/ ]
甘油三酯
📖 定义
A lipid molecule made up of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains.
phospholipid
[ /ˌfɑːsfoʊˈlɪpɪd/ ]
磷脂
📖 定义
A lipid containing a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails, essential for cell membranes.
phosphate group
[ /ˈfɑsfeɪt grup/ ]
磷酸基团
📖 定义
A functional group (-PO4^2-) consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms; critical in energy transfer (ATP), nucleic acid backbones, and phospholipid membranes.
phospholipid bilayer
[ /ˌfɑːsfoʊˈlɪpɪd ˈbaɪleɪər/ ]
磷脂双分子层
📖 定义
The double-layered structure of cell membranes formed by phospholipids, with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward
steroid
[ /stərɔɪd/ ]
固醇类
📖 定义
A type of lipid with a characteristic four-ring structure, functioning as hormones or membrane components.
cholesterol
[ /kəˈlɛstərˌɔl/ ]
胆固醇
📖 定义
A steroid that is a key component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid hormones.
hormone
[ /ˈhɔrˌmoʊn/ ]
激素/荷尔蒙
📖 定义
A secreted signaling molecule in multicellular organisms that travels in body fluids to act on specific target cells to coordinate physiology and behavior.
protein
[ /ˈproʊˌtin/ ]
蛋白质
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
amino acid
[ /əˈminoʊ ˈæsəd/ ]
氨基酸
📖 定义
The building block of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.
R group R
[ /ɑr grup ɑr/ ]
基
📖 定义
The variable side chain attached to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid that confers its distinctive chemical properties (polar, nonpolar, acidic, or basic).
side chain
[ /saɪd ʧeɪn/ ]
侧链
📖 定义
Alternative term for the R group of an amino acid; determines the tertiary folding pattern and chemical reactivity of a protein.
backbone
[ /ˈbækˌboʊn/ ]
骨架
📖 定义
The repeating structural chain of a polymer, such as the sugar-phosphate chain in nucleic acids or the N-C-C chain in polypeptide backbones.
peptide bond
[ /ˈpɛpˌtaɪd bɑnd/ ]
肽键
📖 定义
A covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
polypeptide
[ /pˌɑːliːpˈɛptədˌaɪd/ ]
多肽
📖 定义
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which folds to form a protein.
amino-end (N-terminus)
[ /ˈæmɪnˌoʊdn/ ]
氨基端 (N端)
📖 定义
The end of a polypeptide chain that terminates with an unbound, free amino group (-NH2 or -NH3+); represents the start of protein synthesis.
carboxylend C
[ /kˈɑːrbəkəndlɪs si/ ]
端
📖 定义
The end of a polypeptide chain that terminates with an unbound, free carboxyl group (-COOH or -COO-); represents the terminus where new amino acids are added.
primary structure
[ /ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈstrəkʧər/ ]
初级结构
📖 定义
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.
secondary structure
[ /ˈsɛkənˌdɛri ˈstrəkʧər/ ]
二级结构
📖 定义
Localized folding of a polypeptide into structures like alpha-helices and beta- sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
alpha-helix (α-helix)
[ /ˈælfəlˌɛkəlz/ ]
α螺旋
📖 定义
A secondary structure of proteins consisting of a coiled polypeptide chain stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogen four residues apart.
beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated sheet)
[ /bˈiːtəplˌeɪtəd ʃit/ ]
β折叠
📖 定义
A secondary protein structure in which two or more parallel or antiparallel polypeptide strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.
tertiary structure
[ /ˈtərʃəri ˈstrəkʧər/ ]
三级结构
📖 定义
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein formed by interactions between side chains.
disulfide bridge
[ /dɪsˈʌləfˌaɪd brɪʤ/ ]
二硫键
📖 定义
A strong covalent bond formed between the sulfhydryl (-SH) groups of two cysteine residues; stabilizes the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
quaternary structure
[ /kˈwɑtərˌnɛri ˈstrəkʧər/ ]
四级结构
📖 定义
The structure formed when multiple polypeptides interact to form a functional protein.
hemoglobin
[ /ˌhiməˈgloʊbən/ ]
血红蛋白
📖 定义
An iron-containing quaternary protein in red blood cells consisting of two alpha and two beta globin subunits that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.
alpha-globin (α-globin)
[ /ˌælfəɡˈɑːlbən/ ]
α珠蛋白
📖 定义
One of the two primary polypeptide subunit types that compose adult hemoglobin, encoded by genes on human chromosome 16.
beta-globin (β-globin)
[ /bɪtˈɑːɡlən/ ]
β珠蛋白
📖 定义
One of the two primary polypeptide subunit types that compose adult hemoglobin, encoded by genes on human chromosome 11; mutated in sickle cell disease.
denature/ denaturation
[ /dɪˈneɪʧər / dɪnˈækjətrˈeɪʃən/ ]
（蛋白质）变性
📖 定义
The process where a protein loses its structure and function due to external factors like heat or pH changes.
renature/renaturation
[ /rˈɛnətʃər / rɪnˈætʃərətˈeɪn/ ]
（蛋白质）复性
📖 定义
The process by which a denatured protein regains its native structure and function.
nucleic acid
[ /nuˈkleɪɪk ˈæsəd/ ]
核酸
📖 定义
A macromolecule that stores genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
脱氧核糖核酸
📖 定义
A macromolecule that stores genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
[ /rˈeɪn/ ]
核糖核酸
📖 定义
A macromolecule that stores genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.
nucleotide
[ /ˈnuːkliətaɪd/ ]
核苷酸
📖 定义
The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
deoxyribose
[ /diːˌɑːksɪˈraɪboʊs/ ]
脱氧核糖
📖 定义
The five-carbon pentose sugar found in DNA nucleotides, which lacks a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon position (contains -H instead of -OH).
ribose
[ /ˈraɪboʊs/ ]
核糖
📖 定义
The five-carbon pentose sugar present in RNA nucleotides and ATP, containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 2' carbon position.
nitrogenous base
[ /naɪˈtrɑʤənəs beɪs/ ]
含氮碱基
📖 定义
A nitrogen-containing organic molecule with basic properties that forms the informational component of nucleotides; classified into purines and pyrimidines.
pyrimidine
[ /pˌɪrɪmˈɪdiːn/ ]
嘧啶
📖 定义
A class of nitrogenous bases characterized by a single six-membered carbon-nitrogen ring; includes cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
purine
[ /pʊrˈiːniː/ ]
嘌呤
📖 定义
A class of nitrogenous bases characterized by a fused six-membered and five-membered carbon-nitrogen double ring; includes adenine (A) and guanine (G).
cytosine
[ /ˈsaɪtəsiːn/ ]
胞嘧啶
📖 定义
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA that forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine during base pairing.
thymine
[ /ˈθaɪmiːn/ ]
胸腺嘧啶
📖 定义
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found exclusively in DNA that pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds.
uracil
[ /ˈjʊrəsɪl/ ]
尿嘧啶
📖 定义
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found exclusively in RNA that pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds during transcription and translation.
adenine
[ /ˈædənɪn/ ]
腺嘌呤
📖 定义
A purine nitrogenous base found in DNA, RNA, and ATP that pairs with thymine in DNA (two hydrogen bonds) and uracil in RNA.
guanine
[ /ˈɡwɑːniːn/ ]
鸟嘌呤
📖 定义
A purine nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine during complementary base pairing.
sugar-phosphate backbone
[ /saɪɡˈʌsprəhˌeɪts ˈbækˌboʊn/ ]
糖磷酸骨架
📖 定义
The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate units linked by covalent phosphodiester bonds that forms the structural structural sides of a nucleic acid strand.
3' end
[ /ɛnd/ ]
3'端
📖 定义
The terminus of a nucleic acid strand terminating in a free hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 3' carbon of the terminal pentose sugar.
5' end
[ /ɛnd/ ]
5'端
📖 定义
The terminus of a nucleic acid strand terminating in a free phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of the terminal pentose sugar.
base sequence
[ /beɪs ˈsikwəns/ ]
碱基序列
📖 定义
The specific order of nitrogenous bases in a nucleic acid, encoding genetic information.
base pairing
[ /beɪs ˈpɛrɪŋ/ ]
碱基互补配对
📖 定义
The specific hydrogen bonding between complementary bases in DNA or RNA （e.g.， A-T or A-U, and G-C）.
antiparallel
[ /ˌæntəpˈɑːrələ/ ]
反向平行
📖 定义
The opposite orientation of the two strands in a DNA double helix.
double helix
[ /ˈdəbəl ˈhiːlɪks/ ]
双螺旋
📖 定义
The spiral-shaped structure formed by two strands of DNA held together by base pairing.
prokaryotic cell
[ /proʊˌkæriˈɑːtɪk sɛl/ ]
原核细胞
📖 定义
A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of bacteria and archaea.
eukaryotic cell
[ /juːˌkæriˈɑːtɪk sɛl/ ]
真核细胞
📖 定义
A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in plants, animals， fungi,and protists.
bacterium/bacteria
[ /bækˈtɪriəm / bækˈtɪriə/ ]
细菌
📖 定义
Single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that possess peptidoglycan cell walls, circular DNA, and 70S ribosomes, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
archaea
[ /ɑːrkˈeɪə/ ]
古菌
📖 定义
A domain of single-celled prokaryotes biochemically distinct from bacteria, often inhabiting extreme environments (extremophiles) and having unique ether-linked membrane lipids.
animal
[ /ˈænəməl/ ]
动物
📖 定义
A kingdom of multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that ingest other organisms, lack cell walls, and possess differentiated tissues.
plant
[ /plænt/ ]
植物
📖 定义
A kingdom of multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotic organisms with cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and alternation of generations.
fungus/fungi
[ /ˈfəŋgəs / ˈfənʤaɪ/ ]
真菌
📖 定义
A kingdom of heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from their surroundings via hyphae, possess chitinous cell walls, and act as major decomposers.
protist
[ /prˈoʊtɪst/ ]
原生生物
📖 定义
A diverse, non-monophyletic paraphyletic group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi (e.g., amoebas, paramecia, algae).
cell membrane/ plasma membrane
[ /sɛl ˈmɛmˌbreɪn / ˈplæzmə ˈmɛmˌbreɪn/ ]
细胞膜
📖 定义
A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
cytoplasm
[ /ˈsaɪtəplæzəm/ ]
细胞质
📖 定义
The region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing organelles and the cytosol.
cytosol
[ /ˈsaɪtəsɑːl/ ]
细胞质基质
📖 定义
The gel-like substance within the cytoplasm where organelles and cellular components are suspended.
nucleus
[ /ˈnukliəs/ ]
细胞核
📖 定义
The membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell's DNA and controls its activities.
nucleoid
[ /nˈuːklˌɔɪd/ ]
拟核
📖 定义
The region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.
organelle
[ /ˌɔːrɡənˈɛl/ ]
细胞器
📖 定义
A specialized structure within a cell that performs specific functions.
membrane bound organelle
[ /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn baʊnd ˌɔːrɡənˈɛl/ ]
带膜的细胞器
📖 定义
An organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or Golgi apparatus.
compartmentalization
[ /kəmˌpɑːrtˌmɛntələˈzeɪʃən/ ]
区室化
📖 定义
The organization of cellular activities into specialized, membrane-bound compartments.
fluid mosaic model
[ /fluɪd moʊˈzeɪɪk ˈmɑdəl/ ]
流动镶嵌模型
📖 定义
A model describing the structure of the plasma membrane as a flexible bilayer with embedded proteins.
glycoprotein
[ /ˌɡlaɪkoʊˈproʊtiːn/ ]
糖蛋白
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
glycolipid
[ /ˌɡlaɪkoʊˈlɪpɪd/ ]
糖脂
📖 定义
A lipid molecule covalently attached to one or more carbohydrate chains, embedded in the plasma membrane and involved in cell recognition and membrane stability.
cell-cell recognition
[ /sɛl sɛl ˌrɛkɪgˈnɪʃən/ ]
细胞间识别
📖 定义
The ability of a cell to distinguish neighboring cells by binding to surface molecules (often glycoproteins or glycolipids) on the extracellular plasma membrane.
intercellular joining
[ /ˌɪntərˈsɛljələr ˈʤɔɪnɪŋ/ ]
细胞间连接
📖 定义
Membrane proteins of adjacent cells that hook together in various junctions (such as tight junctions, gap junctions, or desmosomes) to facilitate adhesion and communication.
selective/partial/semi
[ /səˈlɛktɪv / ˈpɑrʃəl / ˈsɛmi/ ]
选择透过性
📖 定义
The property of a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
passive
[ /ˈpæsɪv/ ]
被动运输
📖 定义
The movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy, down their concentration gradient.
simple diffusion
[ /ˈsɪmpəl dɪfˈjuʒən/ ]
简单扩散
📖 定义
The movement of molecules directly across the membrane down their concentration gradient.
permeability facilitated diffusion
[ /pərˌmiəˈbɪlɪti fəˈsɪləˌteɪtɪd dɪfˈjuʒən/ ]
过性辅助扩散
📖 定义
The passive movement of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins.
transport protein
[ /ˈtrænspɔrt ˈproʊˌtin/ ]
转运蛋白
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
channel protein
[ /ˈʧænəl ˈproʊˌtin/ ]
通道蛋白
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
carrier protein
[ /ˈkɛriər ˈproʊˌtin/ ]
载体蛋白
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
protein osmosis
[ /ˈproʊˌtin ɑːzˈmoʊsɪs/ ]
渗透作用
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
aquaporin
[ /ˌækwəˈpɔːrɪn/ ]
水通道蛋白
📖 定义
A specialized channel protein in the plasma membrane that facilitates the rapid, selective passage of water molecules by osmosis.
hypotonic
[ /hˌaɪpətˈɑːnɪk/ ]
低渗的
📖 定义
A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another, causing water to enter a cell.
hypertonic
[ /ˌhaɪpərˈtɑnɪk/ ]
高渗的
📖 定义
A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another, causing water to leave a cell.
isotonic
[ /ˌaɪsəˈtɑnɪk/ ]
等渗的
📖 定义
A solution with the same solute concentration as another, resulting in no net water movement.
osmoregulation
[ /ˌɑːzmoʊˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ ]
渗透调节
📖 定义
The process by which organisms maintain water and solute balance within their bodies or cells.
water potential
[ /ˈwɔtər pəˈtɛnʃəl/ ]
水势
📖 定义
A measure of the potential energy in water, determining the direction of its movement.
pressure potential
[ /ˈprɛʃər pəˈtɛnʃəl/ ]
压力势
📖 定义
A component of water potential that represents the physical pressure exerted on a solution; positive in turgid plant cells, negative under tension (transpiration).
solute potential
[ /sˈoʊluːt pəˈtɛnʃəl/ ]
溶质势
📖 定义
A component of water potential that is directly proportional to the molarity of a solution and is always zero or negative; reduces water potential as solute concentration rises.
active transport
[ /ˈæktɪv ˈtrænspɔrt/ ]
主动运输
📖 定义
The movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
primary active transport
[ /ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈæktɪv ˈtrænspɔrt/ ]
初级主动运输
📖 定义
Active transport that directly uses energy, typically from ATP, to move substances.
secondary active transport
[ /ˈsɛkənˌdɛri ˈæktɪv ˈtrænspɔrt/ ]
次级主动运输运输
📖 定义
Active transport that uses the energy from an existing gradient established by primary active transport.
Na+/K+pump or Nat/K+ ATPase
[ /nɑ / keɪ pəmp ər næt / keɪ ˈætpˌeɪs/ ]
钠钾泵
📖 定义
An electrogenic transmembrane transport protein that hydrolyzes ATP to actively pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell against their concentration gradients.
endocytosis
[ /ˌɛndoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs/ ]
内吞作用
📖 定义
The process of taking substances into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles.
exocytosis
[ /ˌɛksoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs/ ]
胞吐
📖 定义
The process of expelling substances from the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.
vesicle
[ /ˈvɛsɪkəl/ ]
小泡
📖 定义
A small, membrane-bound sac used for transport or storage within a cell.
nuclear envelope
[ /ˈnukliər ˈɛnvəˌloʊp/ ]
核膜
📖 定义
A double membrane perforated with protein-lined nuclear pores that encloses the nucleus, separating genetic material from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
nucleolus
[ /njuːˈkliːələs/ ]
核仁
📖 定义
A dense region inside the non-dividing eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled with ribosomal proteins into ribosome subunits.
nuclear pore
[ /ˈnukliər pɔr/ ]
核孔
📖 定义
A large protein complex spanning the double membrane of the nuclear envelope that regulates molecular trafficking (mRNA, proteins) between nucleus and cytoplasm.
chromatin
[ /ˈkroʊmətɪn/ ]
染色质
📖 定义
The complex of DNA and proteins in a loose form that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.
ribosome
[ /ˈraɪbəsoʊm/ ]
核糖体
📖 定义
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
large subunit
[ /lɑrʤ səbˈiːnɪt/ ]
大亚基
📖 定义
The larger of the two ribonucleoprotein complexes forming a functional ribosome; catalyzes peptide bond formation at its peptidyl transferase center.
small subunit
[ /smɔl səbˈiːnɪt/ ]
小亚基
📖 定义
The smaller ribonucleoprotein ribosomal subunit that binds mRNA and mediates base pairing between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons.
ribosomal RNA/ rRNA RNA
[ /ˌraɪbəˈsoʊməl rˈeɪn / rˈiːnə rˈeɪn/ ]
核糖体
📖 定义
RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; some rRNAs have catalytic enzymatic activity (ribozymes) in peptide bond synthesis.
free ribosome
[ /fri ˈraɪbəsoʊm/ ]
悬浮核糖体
📖 定义
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
attached ribosome
[ /əˈtæʧt ˈraɪbəsoʊm/ ]
黏附核糖体
📖 定义
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
endoplasmic reticulum/ER
[ /ˌɛndoʊˈplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm / ər/ ]
内质网
📖 定义
A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
rough endoplasmic reticulum/rough
[ /rəf ˌɛndoʊˈplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm / rəf/ ]
粗面内质网
📖 定义
The portion of the ER studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum/smooth ER
[ /smuð ˌɛndoʊˈplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm / smuð ər/ ]
滑面内质网
📖 定义
The portion of the ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
Golgi apparatus/ body/complex
[ /ˈgoʊlʤi ˌæpərˈætəs / ˈbɑdi / ˈkɑmplɛks/ ]
高尔基体
📖 定义
A membrane-bound organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
ER lysosome
[ /ər ˈlaɪsəsoʊm/ ]
溶酶体
📖 定义
A membrane-bound organelle containing enzymes for digesting macromolecules and recycling cellular components.
hydrolytic enzyme
[ /hˌaɪdrəlˈɪtɪk ˈɛnˌzaɪm/ ]
水解酶
📖 定义
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
apoptosis
[ /ˌæpɔpˈtoʊsɪz/ ]
细胞凋亡
📖 定义
Programmed cell death, a controlled process that eliminates unnecessary or damaged cells.
vacuole
[ /ˈvækjuːoʊl/ ]
液泡
📖 定义
A membrane-bound sac used for storage, waste disposal, and maintaining cell pressure.
central vacuole
[ /ˈsɛntrəl ˈvækjuːoʊl/ ]
中央大液泡
📖 定义
A large vacuole in plant cells that stores water and maintains turgor pressure.
mitochondrion/
[ /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑːndriən/ ]
线粒体
📖 定义
The organelle where cellular respiration occurs, producing ATP.
cellular
[ /ˈsɛljələr/ ]
细胞呼吸
📖 定义
A process that converts glucose into ATP by breaking down organic molecules in the presence of oxygen.
crista/cristae
[ /ˈkrɪstə / ˈkrɪstiː/ ]
嵴
📖 定义
Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane that house the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes, greatly increasing the surface area for ATP production.
mitochondrial matrix
[ /mˌaɪtəkˈɑːndriːəl ˈmeɪtrɪks/ ]
线粒体基质
📖 定义
The fluid-filled compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane containing enzymes for the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.
intermembrane space
[ /ˌɪntərmbˈɛrən speɪs/ ]
膜间隙
📖 定义
The narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts; serves as a reservoir for accumulated protons during chemiosmosis.
chloroplast
[ /ˈklɔːrəplæst/ ]
叶绿体
📖 定义
The organelle in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs.
photosynthesis
[ /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ]
基质光合作用
📖 定义
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
space stroma
[ /speɪs ˈstroʊmə/ ]
叶绿体基质
📖 定义
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membranes; site of the Calvin cycle (carbon fixation) and containing chloroplast DNA and ribosomes.
thylakoid
[ /ˈθaɪləkɔɪd/ ]
类囊体
📖 定义
A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast arranged in stacks (grana); its membranes contain chlorophyll and pigments where light-dependent reactions occur.
granum / grana
[ /ˈgrænəm / ˈgrænə/ ]
基粒
📖 定义
A stack of membrane-bound thylakoid discs in chloroplasts where light absorption and photophosphorylation take place.
endosymbiosis
[ /ˌɛndoʊsˌaɪəmbˈiːəsəs/ ]
内共生假说
📖 定义
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
cytoskeleton
[ /sˌaɪtoʊksˈɛlətən/ ]
细胞骨架
📖 定义
A network of protein fibers that provide structural support and enable cell movement.
microtubule
[ /ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈtubjul/ ]
微管
📖 定义
A cylinder-shaped component of the cytoskeleton involved in maintaining cell shape, transport, and division.
hypothesis microflament
[ /haɪˈpɑθəsəs mˈaɪkroʊflˌæmənt/ ]
微丝
📖 定义
Thin fibers in the cytoskeleton that support cell shape and movement.
cilium/cilia
[ /tʃˈɪliːəm / sˈɪliːə/ ]
纤毛
📖 定义
Short, hair-like structures that move fluid or substances across a cell surface or propel the cell.
flagellum/flagella
[ /fləˈʤɛləm / fləˈʤɛlə/ ]
鞭毛
📖 定义
Long, whip-like structures that enable cell movement.
centrosome
[ /ˈsɛntrəsoʊm/ ]
中心体
📖 定义
The microtubule-organizing center of a cell, important in cell division.
centriole
[ /ˈsɛntrioʊl/ ]
中心粒
📖 定义
A cylinder composed of nine triplets of microtubules located in the centrosome of animal cells; involved in organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division.
cell wall
[ /sɛl wɔl/ ]
细胞壁
📖 定义
A rigid structure surrounding the plasma membrane in plant, fungal, and some prokaryotic cells, providing support and protection.
cellulose
[ /ˈsɛljʊloʊs/ ]
纤维素
📖 定义
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls consisting of straight, unbranched beta-1,4-linked glucose chains bundled into rigid, insoluble microfibrils.
plasmodesma/ plasmodesmata
[ /ˌplæzməˈdɛzmə / ˌplæzmədɛzˈmɑːtə/ ]
胞间连丝
📖 定义
Open channels through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells connecting their cytoplasms and enabling intercellular transport and communication.
second law of thermodynamic
[ /ˈsɛkənd lɔ əv θˌɜːrmədiːnˈæmɪk/ ]
热力学第二定律定律
📖 定义
Energy transformations increase the entropy （disorder） of the universe, and some energy is always lost as heat.
entropy
[ /ˈɛntrəpi/ ]
熵
📖 定义
A thermodynamic measure of the disorder, randomness, or thermal energy unavailable for doing mechanical work in a closed system; tends to increase spontaneously.
Gibbs free energy/free
[ /gɪbz fri ˈɛnərʤi / fri/ ]
自由能
📖 定义
The energy in a system available to do work under constant temperature and pressure
endergonic reaction
[ /ˌɛndərɡˈɑːnɪk riˈækʃən/ ]
吸能反应
📖 定义
A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy, with products having more energy than reactants.
exergonic reaction
[ /ˌɛɡzrˈɔːdʒɪnæk riˈækʃən/ ]
放能反应
📖 定义
A chemical reaction that releases energy, with products having less energy than reactants.
energy/G activation energy
[ /ˈɛnərʤi / ʤi ˌæktəˈveɪʃən ˈɛnərʤi/ ]
活化能
📖 定义
The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
enzyme
[ /ˈɛnˌzaɪm/ ]
酶
📖 定义
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
substrate
[ /ˈsʌbstreɪt/ ]
底物
📖 定义
The specific reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts and binds at its active site to undergo a catalyzed chemical transformation.
active site
[ /ˈæktɪv saɪt/ ]
活性位点
📖 定义
The region of an enzyme where substrates bind and the chemical reaction occurs.
optimal temperature
[ /ˈɑptɪməl ˈtɛmpərəʧər/ ]
最适温度
📖 定义
The specific temperature at which an enzyme's catalytic activity is maximal; deviations above this point can cause thermal denaturation.
optimal PH
[ /ˈɑptɪməl ˈpiˈeɪʧ/ ]
最适PH
📖 定义
The specific pH value at which an enzyme exhibits its maximum reaction velocity; changes in pH alter amino acid ionization at the active site.
allosteric site
[ /ˌæləˈstɛrɪk saɪt/ ]
变构位点
📖 定义
A site on an enzyme, separate from the active site, where molecules can bind to regulate enzyme activity.
inhibitor
[ /ˌɪnˈhɪbətər/ ]
抑制剂
📖 定义
A substance that reduces or stops the catalytic activity of an enzyme, acting either competitively at the active site or noncompetitively at an allosteric site.
competitive inhibition
[ /kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv ˌɪnəˈbɪʃən/ ]
竞争性抑制
📖 定义
Inhibition where a molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of an enzyme.
noncompetitive inhibition
[ /ˌnɑnkəmˈpɛtətɪv ˌɪnəˈbɪʃən/ ]
非竞争性抑制
📖 定义
Inhibition where a molecule binds to an allosteric site, reducing enzyme activity without competing with the substrate.
coenzyme
[ /koʊˈɛnzaɪm/ ]
辅酶
📖 定义
An organic molecule that assists enzymes in catalyzing reactions, often by transferring electrons or functional groups.
adenosine triphosphate/
[ /əˈdɛnəˌsin trˈɪfəsˌeɪt/ ]
三磷酸腺苷
📖 定义
The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.
adenosine diphosphate/
[ /əˈdɛnəˌsin dˈɪfəsət/ ]
二磷酸腺苷
📖 定义
A lower-energy molecule formed when ATP releases energy by losing a phosphate group.
cellular respiration
[ /ˈsɛljələr ˌrɛspərˈeɪʃən/ ]
细胞呼吸
📖 定义
A process that converts glucose into ATP by breaking down organic molecules in the presence of oxygen.
ATP clectron carrier
[ /ˈeɪˈtiˈpi klˈɛktrɑːn ˈkɛriər/ ]
电子载体
📖 定义
An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele but does not exhibit the associated phenotype.
ADP NAD+/NADH
[ /ˈædpˈiːˈɛf næd / nˈæd/ ]
烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸
📖 定义
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier, alternating between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states during metabolism.
FAD/FADH2
[ /fæd / fˈæd/ ]
黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸
📖 定义
Flavin adenine dinucleotide; a redox-active electron carrier that accepts two electrons and two protons to form FADH2 during the citric acid cycle.
glycolysis
[ /ɡlaɪˈkɑːləsɪs/ ]
糖酵解
📖 定义
The first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate， yielding ATP and NADH.
pyruvate/
[ /paɪˈruːveɪt/ ]
丙酮酸
📖 定义
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing carbon dioxide.
pyruvate oxidation
[ /paɪˈruːveɪt ˌɑksəˈdeɪʃən/ ]
二核苷酸丙酮酸氧化
📖 定义
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing carbon dioxide.
coenzyme A
[ /koʊˈɛnzaɪm ə/ ]
辅酶A
📖 定义
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
pyruvic acid acetylCoA
[ /pɪrˈuːvɪk ˈæsəd əsˌiːktəlˈɑːfə/ ]
乙酰辅酶A
📖 定义
The two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A; forms when pyruvate is oxidized and enters the citric acid cycle by combining with oxaloacetate.
citric acid cycle
[ /ˈsɪtrɪk ˈæsəd ˈsaɪkəl/ ]
柠檬酸循环
📖 定义
A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose by oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
Krebs cycle
[ /krɛbz ˈsaɪkəl/ ]
克雷布斯循环
📖 定义
A series of enzymatic reactions that produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2 by oxidizing acetyl-CoA
oxidative phosphorylation
[ /ˈɑːksədˌeɪtɪv fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː/ ]
氧化磷酸化
📖 定义
The production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
electron transport chain/ETC
[ /ˌɪˈlɛktrɑn ˈtrænspɔrt ʧeɪn / ˌɛtˈsɛtərə/ ]
电子传递链
📖 定义
A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, creating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.
ATPsynthase ATP
[ /ˈætspənsˈaɪts ˈeɪˈtiˈpi/ ]
合成酶
📖 定义
An enzyme that synthesizes ATP by using the energy from a proton gradient across a membrane.
chemiosmosis
[ /ˌkɛmiɑːzˈmoʊsɪs/ ]
化学渗透
📖 定义
The movement of protons across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis using ATP synthase.
fermentation
[ /ˌfərmənˈteɪʃən/ ]
发酵
📖 定义
An anaerobic process that generates ATP by converting glucose into byproducts like ethanol or lactic acid.
alcohol fermentation
[ /ˈælkəˌhɑl ˌfərmənˈteɪʃən/ ]
酒精发酵
📖 定义
A type of fermentation where glucose is converted into ethanol, carbon dioxide， and ATP.
ethanol
[ /ˈɛθəˌnɔl/ ]
酒精
📖 定义
A two-carbon alcohol (C2H5OH) produced from pyruvate by yeasts and bacteria during anaerobic alcohol fermentation, regenerating NAD+ from NADH.
lactic acid fermentation
[ /ˈlæktɪk ˈæsəd ˌfərmənˈteɪʃən/ ]
乳酸发酵
📖 定义
A type of fermentation where glucose is converted into lactic acid and ATP.
photosynthesis
[ /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ]
光合作用
📖 定义
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
stoma/stomata
[ /ˈstoʊmə / ˈstoʊmətə/ ]
气孔
📖 定义
Microscopic openings on plant leaf surfaces regulated by guard cells that permit exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen and regulate water vapor loss.
light dependent reaction/light reaction
[ /laɪt dɪˈpɛndənt riˈækʃən / laɪt riˈækʃən/ ]
光反应
📖 定义
The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured to produce ATP and NADPH.
chlorophyll
[ /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/ ]
叶绿素
📖 定义
A green photosynthetic pigment embedded in thylakoid membranes that absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light while reflecting green light.
photosystem I
[ /ˈfoʊtoʊˌsɪstəm aɪ/ ]
光系统I
📖 定义
A light-harvesting protein-pigment complex in the thylakoid membrane with a reaction-center chlorophyll a pair known as P700; transfers electrons to NADP+ reductase.
photosystem II
[ /ˈfoʊtoʊˌsɪstəm ˈiː/ ]
光系统 II
📖 定义
The light-harvesting complex in thylakoid membranes with P680 chlorophyll a that absorbs photons, splits water (photolysis), and releases O2 to initiate electron transport.
light independent reaction
[ /laɪt ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt riˈækʃən/ ]
暗反应
📖 定义
The second phase of photosynthesis occurring in the chloroplast stroma, utilizing ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix CO2 into carbohydrates (G3P).
Calvin cycle
[ /ˈkælvɪn ˈsaɪkəl/ ]
开尔文循环
📖 定义
The second stage of photosynthesis, where ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
carbon fixation
[ /ˈkɑrbən fɪkˈseɪʃən/ ]
固碳
📖 定义
The initial incorporation of inorganic carbon from CO2 into an organic compound (such as RuBP by the enzyme Rubisco) during the first phase of the Calvin cycle.
glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate/G3P
[ /ɡlˈaɪsərˌeɪldˌeɪ- -ˈfɑsfeɪt / ʤi pi/ ]
甘油醛-3-磷酸
📖 定义
A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle and a pivotal metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and glucose synthesis.
signal transduction
[ /ˈsɪgnəl trænzdˈʌkʃən/ ]
信号传导
📖 定义
The process by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional response.
signaling molecule
[ /ˈsɪgnəlɪŋ ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ]
信号分子
📖 定义
A chemical that conveys information between cells, such as hormones or neurotransmitters.
ligand
[ /ˈlɪgənd/ ]
配体
📖 定义
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor to trigger a cellular response.
receptor
[ /riˈsɛptər/ ]
受体
📖 定义
A protein that detects signaling molecules and initiates a cellular response.
membrane- bound receptor
[ /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn- baʊnd riˈsɛptər/ ]
膜结合受体
📖 定义
A receptor embedded in the cell membrane that interacts with extracellular ligands.
ligand binding domain
[ /ˈlɪgənd ˈbaɪndɪŋ doʊˈmeɪn/ ]
配体结合结构域
📖 定义
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor to trigger a cellular response.
membrane binding domain
[ /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn ˈbaɪndɪŋ doʊˈmeɪn/ ]
膜结合结构域
📖 定义
A specialized structural region of an intracellular protein that recognizes and binds specific lipid headgroups or transmembrane receptor tails.
intracellular/ cytoplasmic
[ /ɪntrˈɛsəljər / ˌsaɪtəˈplæzmɪk/ ]
细胞内结
📖 定义
The region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing organelles and the cytosol.
G protein coupled
[ /ʤi ˈproʊˌtin ˈkəpəld/ ]
蛋白偶联
📖 定义
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
ligand-gated channel
[ /lˈɪɡəntˌeɪdʒd ˈʧænəl/ ]
构域配体门通道蛋白
📖 定义
A protein chanel that opens or closes in response to the binding of a ligand， allowing ions to pass.
second messenger
[ /ˈsɛkənd ˈmɛsɪnʤər/ ]
第二信使
📖 定义
A small molecule, such as cAMP or calcium, that relays a signal inside a cell after receptor activation.
receptor/GPCR G cyclic AMP/
[ /riˈsɛptər / sˈiːˈɛkspˈɔːr ʤi ˈsaɪklɪk æmp/ ]
受体环单磷酸
📖 定义
A protein that detects signaling molecules and initiates a cellular response.
phosphorylation cascade
[ /fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː kæˈskeɪd/ ]
蛋白磷酸化级联反应反应
📖 定义
A series of protein phosphorylation events that amplify and propagate a cellular signal.
phosphorylation
[ /fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː/ ]
磷酸化
📖 定义
The production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
CAMP kinase
[ /kæmp kˈɪnəs/ ]
腺苷激酶
📖 定义
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to a substrate.
intracellular receptor
[ /ɪntrˈɛsəljər riˈsɛptər/ ]
细胞内受体
📖 定义
A receptor located within the cell that binds to small or hydrophobic signaling molecules.
phosphorylation feedback
[ /fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː ˈfidˌbæk/ ]
反馈
📖 定义
A regulatory mechanism in which the output of a process influences its own activity.
negative feedback
[ /ˈnɛgətɪv ˈfidˌbæk/ ]
负反馈
📖 定义
A mechanism that reduces the output of a process to maintain homeostasis.
homeostasis
[ /ˌhoʊmioʊˈsteɪsɪs/ ]
稳态
📖 定义
The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite exteral changes.
positive feedback
[ /ˈpɑzətɪv ˈfidˌbæk/ ]
正反馈
📖 定义
A mechanism that amplifies the output of a process, driving it further in the same direction.
mitosis
[ /maɪˈtoʊsɪs/ ]
有丝分裂
📖 定义
A process of nuclear division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
parent cell/parental cell
[ /ˈpɛrənt sɛl / pərˈɛntəl sɛl/ ]
母细胞
📖 定义
The original cell that undergoes replication of its genetic material and division (by mitosis or meiosis) to produce daughter cells.
daughter cell
[ /ˈdɔtər sɛl/ ]
子细胞
📖 定义
A cell formed by the division of a parental cell; genetically identical following mitosis, or genetically unique and haploid following meiosis.
asexual reproduction
[ /eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˌriprəˈdəkʃən/ ]
无性繁殖
📖 定义
The production of offspring without the involvement of gametes or genetic recombination.
cell cycle
[ /sɛl ˈsaɪkəl/ ]
细胞周期
📖 定义
The sequence of events in the life of a cell, including growth, DNA replication, and division.
interphase
[ /ˈɪntərfˌeɪs/ ]
分裂间期
📖 定义
The preparatory period in the eukaryotic cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions, encompassing G1, S, and G2 phases, where cell growth and DNA replication occur.
mitotic phase/M phase
[ /ˌmaɪˈtɔtɪk feɪz / ɛm feɪz/ ]
分裂期
📖 定义
The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), partitioning replicated chromosomes into two daughter cells.
G1 stage (G1 phase)
[ /ʤi steɪʤ/ ]
G1期 (DNA合成前期)
📖 定义
The first growth phase of interphase before DNA synthesis, where the cell synthesizes proteins and increases in size.
G2 stage (G2 phase)
[ /ʤi steɪʤ/ ]
G2期 (DNA合成后期)
📖 定义
The second growth phase of interphase following DNA synthesis, preparing the cell for mitotic chromosome division.
S stage (S phase)
[ /ɛs steɪʤ/ ]
S期 (DNA合成期)
📖 定义
The synthesis subphase of interphase in the cell cycle during which the cell replicates its genomic DNA and duplicates centrosomes.
chromosome
[ /ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ ]
染色体
📖 定义
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
chromatin
[ /ˈkroʊmətɪn/ ]
染色质
📖 定义
The complex of DNA and proteins in a loose form that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.
chromatid
[ /ˈkroʊmətɪd/ ]
染色单体
📖 定义
One of the two identical copies of DNA in a duplicated chromosome.
sister chromatid
[ /ˈsɪstər ˈkroʊmətɪd/ ]
姐妹染色单体
📖 定义
Two identical chromatids connected at a centromere, resulting from DNA replication.
centromere
[ /ˈsɛntrəmiːr/ ]
着丝粒
📖 定义
The constricted, specialized DNA region of a duplicated chromosome where sister chromatids are held closest together and where the kinetochore forms.
prophase
[ /prˈɑːfəs/ ]
前期
📖 定义
The first stage of mitosis, during which chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nucleoli disappear, and the mitotic spindle begins to assemble.
metaphase
[ /mˈɛtəfˌeɪz/ ]
单体中期
📖 定义
The stage of mitosis in which all duplicated chromosomes are aligned along the spindle equator (metaphase plate) midway between spindle poles.
anaphase
[ /ˈænəfˌeɪz/ ]
后期
📖 定义
The stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate at their centromeres and are pulled by kinetochore microtubules toward opposite spindle poles.
telophase
[ /tˈɛləfˌeɪz/ ]
末期
📖 定义
The final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei form at the poles, nuclear envelopes reassemble, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes begin to decondense.
spindle fber/ microtubule
[ /ˈspɪndəl bˈɛr / ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈtubjul/ ]
纺锤丝
📖 定义
A cylinder-shaped component of the cytoskeleton involved in maintaining cell shape, transport, and division.
kinetochore
[ /kɪˈnɛtəkɔːr/ ]
动粒
📖 定义
A specialized disc-shaped multiprotein structure attached to the centromere of each sister chromatid that links chromatids to mitotic spindle microtubules.
metaphase plate
[ /mˈɛtəfˌeɪz pleɪt/ ]
中期板
📖 定义
An imaginary plane perpendicular to the spindle axis halfway between the two poles of a dividing cell along which chromosomes align during metaphase.
equator / equatorial plate
[ /ɪkˈweɪtər / ˌikwəˈtɔriəl pleɪt/ ]
赤道板
📖 定义
An imaginary plane perpendicular to the spindle axis halfway between spindle poles where duplicated chromosomes align during metaphase.
cytokinesis
[ /sˌaɪtəkˈiːnsənz/ ]
胞质分裂
📖 定义
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis.
cell plate
[ /sɛl pleɪt/ ]
细胞板
📖 定义
A structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis to divide the cell into two.
cyclin
[ /sˈɪklɪn/ ]
周期蛋白
📖 定义
A protein that regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases （CDKs）.
cyclin dependent kinase/CDK
[ /sˈɪklɪn dɪˈpɛndənt kˈɪnəs / sˈiːdkiː/ ]
周期蛋白依赖蛋白
📖 定义
An enzyme that drives cell cycle progression when activated by cyclins.
checkpoint
[ /ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt/ ]
检查位点
📖 定义
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
Gl checkpoint G1
[ /ɡlˈeɪ ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt ʤi/ ]
检查位点
📖 定义
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
G2 checkpoint G2
[ /ʤi ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt ʤi/ ]
检查位点
📖 定义
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
M checkpoint M
[ /ɛm ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt ɛm/ ]
检查位点
📖 定义
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
G0 phase (G0 stage)
[ /ʤi feɪz/ ]
G0期 (休眠期)
📖 定义
A non-dividing, quiescent cell state where cells exit the cell cycle and perform specialized metabolic functions.
cancer
[ /ˈkænsər/ ]
癌症
📖 定义
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to failures in cell cycle regulation.
haploid/n
[ /ˈhæplɔɪd / ɛn/ ]
单倍体
📖 定义
A cell containing one complete set of chromosomes, typical of gametes.
diploid/2n
[ /ˈdɪplɔɪd / ɛn/ ]
二倍体
📖 定义
A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
homologous chromosome
[ /hɑˈmɑləgəs ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ ]
同源染色体
📖 定义
A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and gene content.
autosome
[ /ˈɔːtoʊsˌoʊm/ ]
常染色体
📖 定义
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
sex chromosome
[ /sɛks ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ ]
性染色体
📖 定义
A chromosome involved in determining the sex of an organism, such as X and Y in humans.
sexual reproduction
[ /ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌriprəˈdəkʃən/ ]
有性繁殖
📖 定义
A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two parents, resulting in offspring with genetic diversity.
gamete
[ /ˈɡæmiːt/ ]
配子
📖 定义
A mature haploid male or female reproductive cell (sperm or egg) capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
sperm
[ /spərm/ ]
精子
📖 定义
The small, motile male gamete produced through spermatogenesis, delivering paternal genetic material to the ovum during fertilization.
egg
[ /ɛg/ ]
卵子
📖 定义
The non-motile, nutrient-rich female haploid gamete that fuses with a sperm during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
fertilization
[ /ˌfərtəlɪˈzeɪʃən/ ]
受精作用
📖 定义
The fusion of an egg and sperm cell to form a zygote.
zygote
[ /ˈzaɪɡoʊt/ ]
合子
📖 定义
An individual with two identical alleles for a specific gene.
meiosis
[ /maɪˈoʊsɪs/ ]
减数分裂
📖 定义
A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
meiosisI
[ /mˌiːoʊsˈiːsiː/ ]
减数第一次分裂
📖 定义
A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
meiosis II
[ /maɪˈoʊsɪs ˈiː/ ]
减数第二次
📖 定义
A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
crossing over
[ /ˈkrɔsɪŋ ˈoʊvər/ ]
交叉互换
📖 定义
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.
random assortment of
[ /ˈrændəm əˈsɔrtmənt əv/ ]
分裂染色体的随机排列
📖 定义
The independent segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, contributing to genetic variation.
genetic variation
[ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən/ ]
分裂基因多样性
📖 定义
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population.
Mendelian
[ /mɛndˈɛljən/ ]
孟德尔遗
📖 定义
A controlled breeding experiment designed to analyze inheritance patterns of alleles according to Mendel's laws.
chromosomes true breeding
[ /ˈkroʊməˌzoʊmz tru ˈbridɪŋ/ ]
机排列纯种
📖 定义
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
Mendelian cross
[ /mɛndˈɛljən krɔs/ ]
孟德尔杂交
📖 定义
A controlled breeding experiment designed to analyze inheritance patterns of alleles according to Mendel's laws.
genetic trait
[ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk treɪt/ ]
遗传性状
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
character
[ /ˈkɛrɪktər/ ]
特性
📖 定义
A heritable feature that varies among individuals in a population, such as flower color or eye color.
monohybrid cross
[ /mənˈɑːfɪbriːd krɔs/ ]
单因子杂交
📖 定义
A genetic cross between two individuals focusing on a single trait.
P generation (parental generation)
[ /pi ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən/ ]
亲代
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
F1 generation
[ /ɛf ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən/ ]
子一代
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
F2 generation
[ /ɛf ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən/ ]
子二代
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
Punnett square
[ /pˈʌnɪt skwɛr/ ]
庞氏表格
📖 定义
A visual checkerboard diagram used in genetics to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios resulting from a particular cross.
complete dominance
[ /kəmˈplit ˈdɑmənəns/ ]
完全显性
📖 定义
A pattern of inheritance in which one allele completely masks the effect of another allele.
dominant
[ /ˈdɑmənənt/ ]
显性的
📖 定义
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a different allele.
recessive
[ /rəˈsɛsɪv/ ]
隐性的
📖 定义
An allele whose phenotype is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
monohybrid test cross |
[ /mənˈɑːfɪbriːd tɛst krɔs/ ]
单因子测交
📖 定义
A cross between an individual showing the dominant phenotype (of unknown genotype) and a homozygous recessive individual for a single trait.
law of segregation
[ /lɔ əv ˌsɛgrəˈgeɪʃən/ ]
分离定律
📖 定义
Mendel's principle stating that two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
phenotype
[ /ˈfiːnətaɪp/ ]
表型
📖 定义
The observable physical or physiological traits of an organism.
genotype
[ /ˈdʒiːnətaɪp/ ]
基因型
📖 定义
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by its alleles.
homozygote/ homozygous
[ /ˌhoʊmoʊˈzaɪgoʊt / ˌhoʊməˈzaɪɡəs/ ]
纯合子
📖 定义
An individual with two identical alleles for a specific gene.
heterozygote/ heterozygous
[ /hˌɛtərəsˈaɪtədʒ / ˌhɛtərəˈzaɪɡəs/ ]
杂合子
📖 定义
An individual with two different alleles for a specific gene.
allele
[ /əˈliːl/ ]
等位基因
📖 定义
A variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome.
locus/loci
[ /ˈloʊkəs / ˈloʊki/ ]
位点
📖 定义
The specific physical location or position of a gene on a chromosome.
dihybrid cross
[ /dˈaɪəbrˌɪdə krɔs/ ]
双因子杂交
📖 定义
A genetic cross between two individuals focusing on two traits.
dihybrid test cross
[ /dˈaɪəbrˌɪdə tɛst krɔs/ ]
双因子测交
📖 定义
A cross between an individual heterozygous for two distinct genes (AaBb) and a homozygous double recessive individual (aabb) to test for genetic linkage.
law of independent assortment
[ /lɔ əv ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt əˈsɔrtmənt/ ]
自由组合定律
📖 定义
Mendel's principle stating that genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
addition rule
[ /əˈdɪʃən rul/ ]
加法定律
📖 定义
A probability rule stating that the probability of occurrence of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events is calculated by adding their individual probabilities.
multiplication rule
[ /ˌməltəpləˈkeɪʃən rul/ ]
乘法定律
📖 定义
A probability rule stating that the joint probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities.
non-Mendelian genetics
[ /nˌɑːnmɛndˈɛliːən ʤəˈnɛtɪks/ ]
非孟德尔遗传学
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
incomplete dominance
[ /ˌɪnkəmˈplit ˈdɑmənəns/ ]
不完全显性
📖 定义
A pattern of inheritance where the phenotype of heterozygotes is an intermediate blend of both alleles.
codominance
[ /koʊˈdɑːmɪnəns/ ]
共显性
📖 定义
A pattern of inheritance where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.
multiple alleles
[ /ˈməltəpəl əˈliːlz/ ]
多等位基因
📖 定义
More than two forms of a gene that can occupy a single locus.
pleiotropic/ pleiotropy
[ /pˌaɪliːˈɑːptrɪk / plaɪˈɑːtrəpi/ ]
基因的多效性
📖 定义
A single gene affecting multiple traits in an organism.
epistatic/epistasis
[ /ˌɛpɪˈstætɪk / ɛˈpɪstəsɪs/ ]
基因上位性
📖 定义
A genetic interaction where one gene masks or modifies the effect of another gene.
polygenetic inheritance
[ /pˌɑːliːɡˈɛtɪnɪk ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns/ ]
多基因遗传
📖 定义
A trait influenced by multiple genes, often showing continuous variation.
non-nuclear inheritance
[ /ˈnɑˈnuˌkliər ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns/ ]
非核基因遗传
📖 定义
Inheritance of genetic material not found in the nucleus, such as mitochondrial DNA.
sex-linked trait
[ /sˈɛkslˌaɪknd treɪt/ ]
伴性性状
📖 定义
A phenotypic trait governed by a gene situated on a sex chromosome (usually X), showing distinct sex-biased inheritance patterns.
sex-linked gene
[ /sˈɛkslˌaɪknd ʤin/ ]
伴性基因
📖 定义
A gene located on a sex chromosome, often showing different patterns of inheritance in males and females.
X chromosome X
[ /ɛks ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm ɛks/ ]
染色体
📖 定义
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
Y chromosome Y
[ /waɪ ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm waɪ/ ]
染色体
📖 定义
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
linked genes
[ /lɪŋkt ʤinz/ ]
连锁基因
📖 定义
Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
parental phenotype
[ /pərˈɛntəl ˈfiːnətaɪp/ ]
亲代性状
📖 定义
The observable physical or physiological traits of an organism.
recombinant
[ /rɪˈkɑmbɪnənt/ ]
重组性状
📖 定义
An offspring phenotype that exhibits a novel combination of traits differing from both parents, generated by meiotic crossing over or independent assortment.
linkage map
[ /ˈlɪŋkɪʤ mæp/ ]
连锁图
📖 定义
A genetic map depicting the relative locations of genes along a chromosome based on the frequency of meiotic crossing over (recombination frequency).
pedigree
[ /ˈpɛdəgri/ ]
家族遗传
📖 定义
A chart representing family relationships and inheritance patterns of traits.
phenotype autosomal dominant
[ /ˈfiːnətaɪp ˌɔːtəsˈoʊməl ˈdɑmənənt/ ]
常染色体显性
📖 定义
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a different allele.
autosomal trait
[ /ˌɔːtəsˈoʊməl treɪt/ ]
常染色体遗传性状
📖 定义
A phenotypic trait determined by an allele on a non-sex chromosome (autosome), exhibiting identical transmission frequencies in males and females.
X-linked dominant trait
[ /zˈɪlksɪnkəd ˈdɑmənənt treɪt/ ]
X连锁显性遗传
📖 定义
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a different allele.
trait X-linked recessive X
[ /treɪt zˈɪlksɪnkəd rəˈsɛsɪv ɛks/ ]
显性连锁隐性遗传
📖 定义
An allele whose phenotype is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
recessive trait Y-linked trait Y
[ /rəˈsɛsɪv treɪt jˈɪlŋktɪd treɪt waɪ/ ]
隐性连锁遗传
📖 定义
An allele whose phenotype is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
maternal inheritance
[ /məˈtərnəl ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns/ ]
母系遗传
📖 定义
The transmission of genetic material exclusively from the mother, often via mitochondria.
trait carrier
[ /treɪt ˈkɛriər/ ]
遗传携带者
📖 定义
An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele but does not exhibit the associated phenotype.
transformation experiment
[ /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/ ]
转化实验
📖 定义
The uptake of foreign DNA by a cell from its surroundings.
transforming principle
[ /trænsˈfɔrmɪŋ ˈprɪnsəpəl/ ]
转化因子
📖 定义
The early biochemical term for the substance (identified by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty as DNA) responsible for transferring genetic information between bacterial strains in Griffith's experiment.
bacteriophage/ phage
[ /bæktˌɪrjˈuːdʒˌæf / feɪʤ/ ]
噬菌体
📖 定义
A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
DNA replication DNA
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˌrɛplɪˈkeɪʃən ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
复制
📖 定义
The process of copying a DNA molecule to produce two identical DNA strands.
semiconservative model
[ /sˌɛmiːkənsərpˈæʃɪv ˈmɑdəl/ ]
半保留复制模型
📖 定义
A model of DNA replication in which each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
template strand/ parental strand
[ /ˈtɛmplət strænd / pərˈɛntəl strænd/ ]
模板链/母链
📖 定义
The specific strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule that serves as the guide for the synthesis of a complementary RNA during transcription or a new DNA strand during replication.
new strand / daughter strand
[ /nu strænd / ˈdɔtər strænd/ ]
新链/子链
📖 定义
The newly synthesized DNA strand formed during replication that is complementary to the parental template strand.
origin of replication
[ /ˈɔrəʤən əv ˌrɛplɪˈkeɪʃən/ ]
复制起点
📖 定义
A specific nucleotide sequence along a chromosome where DNA replication begins and replication bubbles open.
replication fork
[ /ˌrɛplɪˈkeɪʃən fɔrk/ ]
复制叉
📖 定义
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental double helix is unwound and new strands are continuously and discontinuously synthesized.
helicase
[ /ˈhɛlɪkeɪs/ ]
解旋酶
📖 定义
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
topoisomerase
[ /ˌtoʊpoʊaɪˈsɑːməreɪs/ ]
拓扑异构酶
📖 定义
An enzyme that prevents the overwinding or tangling of DNA during replication by cutting and rejoining DNA strands.
primase
[ /priːmˈɑːsiː/ ]
引物酶
📖 定义
An RNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers (approx. 5-10 nucleotides) providing a 3'-OH group required for DNA polymerase initiation.
primer
[ /ˈpraɪmər/ ]
引物
📖 定义
A short RNA sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.
DNA polymerase DNA
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ pəˈlɪməreɪs ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
聚合酶
📖 定义
A large molecule composed of repeating monomeric units linked by covalent bonds.
leading strand
[ /ˈlidɪŋ strænd/ ]
先导链
📖 定义
The DNA strand synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction during replication.
lagging strand
[ /ˈlægɪŋ strænd/ ]
滞后链
📖 定义
The DNA strand synthesized discontinuously in short fragments, called Okazaki fragments, during replication.
Okazaki
[ /ˌoʊkəˈzɑːki/ ]
冈崎片段
📖 定义
A series of short, discontinuously synthesized DNA segments on the lagging strand during DNA replication, subsequently joined by DNA ligase.
DNA ligase DNA
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˈlaɪɡeɪs ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
连接酶
📖 定义
An enzyme that joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.
naked DNA
[ /ˈneɪkəd ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
裸露的（没有蛋白质包装的）DNA
📖 定义
DNA that is not packaged or wrapped around histone proteins, characteristic of prokaryotes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
histone
[ /hˈɪstoʊn/ ]
组蛋白
📖 定义
The addition of acetyl groups to histones, loosening chromatin structure and promoting gene expression.
plasmid
[ /ˈplæzmɪd/ ]
质粒
📖 定义
A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria, often used in genetic engineering.
gene
[ /ʤin/ ]
基因
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
gene expression
[ /ʤin ɪkˈsprɛʃən/ ]
基因表达
📖 定义
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize RNA and proteins.
central dogma
[ /ˈsɛntrəl ˈdɑgmə/ ]
中心法则
📖 定义
The concept that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
transcription
[ /ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ]
转录
📖 定义
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
translation
[ /trænzˈleɪʃən/ ]
翻译
📖 定义
The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template.
promoter
[ /prəˈmoʊtər/ ]
启动子
📖 定义
A DNA sequence that signals the start of transcription and is recognized by RNA polymerase.
RNA polymerase RNA
[ /rˈeɪn pəˈlɪməreɪs rˈeɪn/ ]
聚合酶
📖 定义
A large molecule composed of repeating monomeric units linked by covalent bonds.
transcription factor
[ /ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən ˈfæktər/ ]
转录因子
📖 定义
A protein that binds to DNA and regulates the transcription of genes.
non-template strand
[ /nˈɔːntmpˌɔːltˌeɪ strænd/ ]
非模板链
📖 定义
The strand of DNA that is not transcribed into RNA; possesses the identical base sequence to the resulting mRNA transcript (with T instead of U), also called coding strand.
coding strand
[ /ˈkoʊdɪŋ strænd/ ]
编码链
📖 定义
The DNA strand whose base sequence corresponds directly to the codon sequence of the mRNA transcript produced (with thymine in place of uracil).
template strand
[ /ˈtɛmplət strænd/ ]
模板链
📖 定义
The specific strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule that serves as the guide for the synthesis of a complementary RNA during transcription or a new DNA strand during replication.
non-coding strand
[ /nˈɑːndˈoʊkɪŋ strænd/ ]
非编码链
📖 定义
Alternative term for the template strand of DNA; serves as the template read by RNA polymerase in the 3' to 5' direction during transcription.
messenger RNA/m RNA
[ /ˈmɛsɪnʤər rˈeɪn / ɛm rˈeɪn/ ]
信使
📖 定义
RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
pre-mRNA
[ /prˈɛmnrə/ ]
信使RNA
📖 定义
The initial RNA transcript produced during transcription, which requires processing before becoming mature mRNA
RNA processing RNA
[ /rˈeɪn ˈprɑsɛsɪŋ rˈeɪn/ ]
加工
📖 定义
The modification of pre-mRNA, including splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail, to produce mature mRNA.
5'cap/GTP cap 5' RNA
[ /'kæp / tˈeɪptˈiː kæp rˈeɪn/ ]
帽子/GTP帽子
📖 定义
A specially altered guanine nucleotide (7-methylguanosine) added to the 5' end of eukaryotic pre-mRNA to prevent nucleolytic degradation and assist ribosome binding.
poly-A tail
[ /pˈoʊliːə teɪl/ ]
前体多聚腺苷
📖 定义
A stretch of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added enzymatically to the 3' end of pre-mRNA during eukaryotic mRNA processing to enhance stability and nuclear export.
RNAsplicing RNA
[ /snˈæpslˌaɪɪŋ rˈeɪn/ ]
剪接
📖 定义
The removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA
intron
[ /ˈɪntrɑːn/ ]
帽子内含子
📖 定义
A non-coding sequence of RNA that is removed during RNA splicing.
exon
[ /ˈɛksɑːn/ ]
酸尾外显子
📖 定义
A coding sequence of RNA that remains in mature mRNA after splicing
alternative RNA splicing RNA
[ /ɔlˈtərnətɪv rˈeɪn ˈsplaɪsɪŋ rˈeɪn/ ]
选择性剪接
📖 定义
The removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA
codon
[ /kˈoʊdən/ ]
密码子
📖 定义
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation.
genetic code
[ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk koʊd/ ]
遗传密码
📖 定义
The set of rules by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA are translated into amino acids.
start codon
[ /stɑrt kˈoʊdən/ ]
起始密码子
📖 定义
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation.
stop codon
[ /stɑp kˈoʊdən/ ]
终止密码子
📖 定义
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation.
transfer RNA/ tRNA
[ /ˈtrænsfər rˈeɪn / trˈiːn/ ]
转运RNA
📖 定义
RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches them to codons in mRNA during translation.
anticodon
[ /ˌæntiːkˈɑːdən/ ]
反密码子
📖 定义
A three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA.
virus
[ /ˈvaɪrəs/ ]
病毒
📖 定义
A small infectious agent composed of genetic material and a protein coat, capable of replicating only inside a host cell.
DNA virus DNA
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˈvaɪrəs ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
病毒
📖 定义
A small infectious agent composed of genetic material and a protein coat, capable of replicating only inside a host cell.
RNA virus RNA
[ /rˈeɪn ˈvaɪrəs rˈeɪn/ ]
病毒
📖 定义
A small infectious agent composed of genetic material and a protein coat, capable of replicating only inside a host cell.
capsid
[ /kˈæpst/ ]
衣壳/病毒蛋白质外壳
📖 定义
The protective external protein shell of a virus that encloses and shields its viral genetic material (DNA or RNA) from degradation.
retrovirus
[ /ˌrɛtroʊˈvaɪrəs/ ]
逆转录病毒
📖 定义
A virus that uses reverse transcription to convert its RNA genome into DNA.
reverse transcription
[ /rɪˈvərs ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ]
逆转录
📖 定义
The process of synthesizing DNA from an RNA template.
reverse transcriptase
[ /rɪˈvərs trænskrˈɪpstˌeɪts/ ]
蛋白质外壳逆转录酶
📖 定义
An enzyme used by retroviruses to carry out reverse transcription.
gene regulation
[ /ʤin ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃən/ ]
基因表达调控
📖 定义
The control of gene expression, ensuring that genes are expressed at the right times and levels.
regulatory sequence
[ /ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri ˈsikwəns/ ]
调控序列
📖 定义
A DNA sequence that influences gene expression by serving as a binding site for regulatory proteins.
differentiate/ differentiation
[ /ˌdɪfərˈɛnʧiˌeɪt / ˌdɪfərˌɛnʧiˈeɪʃən/ ]
分化
📖 定义
The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
operon
[ /ˈɑːpərɑːn/ ]
操纵子
📖 定义
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, typically found in prokaryotes.
trp operon
[ /trˈɛptər ˈɑːpərɑːn/ ]
色氨酸操纵子
📖 定义
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, typically found in prokaryotes.
lac operon
[ /læk ˈɑːpərɑːn/ ]
乳糖操纵子
📖 定义
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, typically found in prokaryotes.
operator
[ /ˈɑpərˌeɪtər/ ]
操纵序列
📖 定义
A regulatory DNA sequence in a prokaryotic operon located within or near the promoter where an active repressor protein binds to block RNA polymerase transcription.
regulatory gene
[ /ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri ʤin/ ]
调控基因
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
repressor
[ /rɪprˈɛsər/ ]
阻遏蛋白
📖 定义
A protein that inhibits transcription by binding to a regulatory sequence.
histone acetylation
[ /hˈɪstoʊn ˌeɪsətəlˈeɪʃən/ ]
组蛋白乙酰基化
📖 定义
The addition of acetyl groups to histones, loosening chromatin structure and promoting gene expression.
DNA methylation DNA
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ mˌɛθliːˈeɪtənəl ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
甲基化
📖 定义
The addition of methyl groups to DNA, typically suppressing gene expression.
enhancer
[ /ɛnˈhænsər/ ]
加强子
📖 定义
A DNA sequence that increases the transcription of a gene when bound by activators.
general transcription
[ /ˈʤɛnərəl ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ]
通用转录因子
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
specifc transcription
[ /spˈɛsɪkf ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ]
特定转录因子
📖 定义
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
activator
[ /ˈæktəˌveɪtər/ ]
活化剂
📖 定义
A protein that increases gene expression by binding to regulatory sequences.
factor mutation
[ /ˈfæktər mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
变异
📖 定义
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
factor point mutation
[ /ˈfæktər pɔɪnt mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
点突变
📖 定义
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
substitution
[ /ˌsəbstɪˈtuʃən/ ]
替换突变
📖 定义
A point mutation in DNA in which one nucleotide and its complementary partner are replaced with another pair of nucleotides.
silent mutation
[ /ˈsaɪlənt mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
沉默突变
📖 定义
A mutation that does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein.
missense mutation
[ /mɪsˈɛns mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
错义突变
📖 定义
A mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein.
nonsense mutation
[ /ˈnɑnsɛns mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
无义突变
📖 定义
A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, terminating protein synthesis.
insertion
[ /ˌɪnˈsərʃən/ ]
插入
📖 定义
The addition of one or more nucleotides to a DNA sequence.
deletion
[ /dɪˈliʃən/ ]
删除
📖 定义
The removal of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.
frameshift mutation
[ /frˈeɪmʃˌɪft mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
移码突变
📖 定义
A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame of a gene.
sickle cell anemia / sickle cell disease
[ /ˈsɪkəl sɛl əˈnimiə / ˈsɪkəl sɛl dɪˈziz/ ]
镰刀贫血症
📖 定义
A severe hereditary hemoglobin disorder caused by a single missense mutation in the beta-globin gene, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells that block capillaries.
duplication
[ /ˌdjupləˈkeɪʃən/ ]
重复
📖 定义
A chromosomal mutation or DNA sequence alteration in which an entire segment of genetic material is replicated, producing tandem redundant copies.
inversion
[ /ˌɪnˈvərʒən/ ]
倒位
📖 定义
A chromosomal structural alteration in which a segment breaks off, reverses its orientation by 180 degrees, and reattaches to the same chromosome.
cell discase translocation
[ /sɛl dɪskˈeɪs trˌænzlɑːkˈeɪʃən/ ]
易位
📖 定义
A chromosomal mutation involving the breakage and attachment of a chromosome segment to an entirely non-homologous chromosome.
nondisjunction
[ /ˌnɑːndɪsˈdʒʌŋkʃən/ ]
不分离
📖 定义
The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
Down syndrome / Trisomy 21
[ /daʊn ˈsɪnˌdroʊm / trˈɪsəmiː/ ]
唐氏综合症 / 21三体综合症
📖 定义
A human chromosomal condition caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome (aneuploidy via nondisjunction), leading to developmental and intellectual variations.
polyploidy
[ /ˈpɑːliˌplɔɪdi/ ]
多倍体
📖 定义
A condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
triploidy
[ /trˈɪplˌɔɪd/ ]
三倍体
📖 定义
A chromosomal condition in which an organism possesses three complete sets of chromosomes (3n), resulting in reproductive sterility in animals.
tetraploidy
[ /tˌɛtrəpˈɑːldiː/ ]
四倍体
📖 定义
A polyploid condition in which an organism possesses four complete sets of chromosomes (4n), common in angiosperm plants and contributing to speciation.
spontaneous mutation
[ /spɑnˈteɪniəs mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
自发突变
📖 定义
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
induced mutation
[ /ˌɪnˈdust mjuˈteɪʃən/ ]
诱导突变
📖 定义
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
mutagen
[ /mˈjutəʤɛn/ ]
诱变剂
📖 定义
An agent that induces genetic mutations.
horizontal/lateral gene transfer
[ /ˌhɔrəˈzɑntəl / ˈlætərəl ʤin ˈtrænsfər/ ]
水平基因转移
📖 定义
The transfer of genetic material between organisms without reproduction.
transformation
[ /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən/ ]
转化
📖 定义
The uptake of foreign DNA by a cell from its surroundings.
transduction
[ /trænzdˈʌkʃən/ ]
转染
📖 定义
The transfer of genetic material between cells via a virus.
conjugation
[ /ˌkɑnʤəˈgeɪʃən/ ]
接合
📖 定义
The direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through physical contact.
transposition
[ /trˌænspəzˈɪʃən/ ]
转位
📖 定义
The movement of DNA segments within a genome.
viral reassortment
[ /ˈvaɪrəl rˌiːəsˈɜːrmənt/ ]
病毒重组
📖 定义
The exchange of genetic material between viruses infecting the same host, creating new viral strains.
biotechnology
[ /ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑləʤi/ ]
生物技术
📖 定义
The technological exploitation and manipulation of biological systems, living organisms, or genetic material to develop useful products and medical therapies.
polymerase chain reaction/PCR
[ /pəˈlɪməreɪs ʧeɪn riˈækʃən / kˈɜːrpiː/ ]
链式聚合酶反应
📖 定义
A technique for amplifying DNA sequences in vitro.
denaturation
[ /dɪnˈækjətrˈeɪʃən/ ]
变性
📖 定义
The process where a protein loses its structure and function due to external factors like heat or pH changes.
annealing
[ /əˈnilɪŋ/ ]
退火
📖 定义
The phase in PCR (polymerase chain reaction) where the reaction temperature is lowered to allow short oligonucleotide primers to hybridize to target DNA strands.
extension
[ /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ ]
延伸
📖 定义
The final stage of a PCR cycle in which Taq DNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary DNA strand by adding dNTPs to the 3' ends of primers at around 72°C.
gel electrophoresis
[ /ʤɛl ˌɪˌlɛktroʊfɔˈrɪsɪs/ ]
凝胶电泳
📖 定义
A method for separating DNA fragments based on size using an electric field.
DNA sequencing DNA
[ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˈsikwənsɪŋ ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ]
测序
📖 定义
The process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
genetic
[ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk/ ]
基因工程
📖 定义
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population.
restriction enzyme
[ /riˈstrɪkʃən ˈɛnˌzaɪm/ ]
限制性内切酶
📖 定义
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.
complementary
[ /ˌkɑmpləˈmɛnʧi/ ]
互补 DNA
📖 定义
A DNA molecule synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase.
engineering antibiotics
[ /ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ ˌæntibaɪˈɑtɪks/ ]
抗生素
📖 定义
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
antibiotic resistant gene
[ /ˌæntibaɪˈɑtɪk rɪˈzɪstənt ʤin/ ]
切酶抗生素抗性基因基因
📖 定义
A gene that provides resistance to antibiotics, often used as a marker in genetic engineering.
cDNA (complementary DNA)
[ /sˈiːdˈiːnˈeɪ/ ]
互补DNA
📖 定义
A synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule synthesized from a messenger RNA template using the retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase, lacking introns.
evolution
[ /ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ ]
进化
📖 定义
The process by which populations of organisms change over generations through variations in their genetic composition.
natural selection
[ /ˈnæʧərəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
自然选择
📖 定义
The process where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
overproduction
[ /ˈoʊvərprəˈdəkʃən/ ]
过度繁殖
📖 定义
The evolutionary principle that organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support, creating intense competition for limited resources.
fitness
[ /ˈfɪtnəs/ ]
适应性
📖 定义
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
adaptation
[ /ˌædəpˈteɪʃən/ ]
适应
📖 定义
A heritable characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment.
sexual selection
[ /ˈsɛkʃuəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
性选择
📖 定义
A type of natural selection where individuals with certain traits are more likely to attract mates and reproduce.
artificial selection
[ /ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
人工选择
📖 定义
The human-directed breeding of organisms to enhance desirable traits.
selective breeding
[ /səˈlɛktɪv ˈbridɪŋ/ ]
选择育种
📖 定义
The intentional, human-directed breeding of organisms with desirable phenotypic traits over generations to produce specialized varieties or breeds.
directional selection
[ /dɪˈrɛkʃɪnəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
定向选择
📖 定义
A form of selection that favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range.
disruptive selection
[ /dɪsˈrəptɪv səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
歧化选择
📖 定义
A type of selection that favors individuals at both extremes of a trait, leading to a bimodal distribution.
stabilizing selection
[ /ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzɪŋ səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
稳定选择
📖 定义
Selection that favors the intermediate variants, reducing variation in a population.
fossil
[ /ˈfɑsəl/ ]
化石
📖 定义
Preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past.
biogeography
[ /bˌaɪoʊɡˌɑːfiːˈɑːriːə/ ]
生物地理学
📖 定义
The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
homologous structure
[ /hɑˈmɑləgəs ˈstrəkʧər/ ]
同源结构
📖 定义
Anatomical features that are similar in structure but may have different functions， indicating a common ancestry.
common ancestor/ common ancestry
[ /ˈkɑmən ˈænˌsɛstər / ˈkɑmən ˈænsɛstri/ ]
共同祖先
📖 定义
The shared ancestor of two or more species from which they evolved.
species
[ /ˈspiʃiz/ ]
物种
📖 定义
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
viable
[ /ˈvaɪəbəl/ ]
可活的
📖 定义
Capable of surviving, developing normally, and maintaining metabolic independence in an environmental habitat.
fertile
[ /ˈfərtəl/ ]
可育的
📖 定义
Capable of producing viable, healthy gametes and successfully bearing offspring through sexual reproduction.
speciation
[ /spˌɛʃiːˈeɪʃən/ ]
物种产生
📖 定义
The evolutionary process by which new species arise.
reproductive
[ /ˌriprəˈdəktɪv/ ]
生殖隔离
📖 定义
Barriers that prevent two populations from interbreeding and producing viable， fertile offspring.
sympatric
[ /sɪmpˈɑːtrɪk/ ]
同域物种
📖 定义
The formation of new species within the same geographic area, often due to behavioral or ecological factors.
allopatric speciation
[ /ˌæləpˈætrɪk spˌɛʃiːˈeɪʃən/ ]
异域物种产生产生
📖 定义
The formation of new species due to geographic isolation.
prezygotic barrier / isolation
[ /prˌɛdʒəzˈɔːtɪk ˈbɛriər / ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ]
合子前生殖隔离
📖 定义
A reproductive barrier that prevents fertilization from occurring between different species.
speciation postzygotic
[ /spˌɛʃiːˈeɪʃən pˌoʊstiːɡzˈɑːtɪk/ ]
产生合子后生殖
📖 定义
The evolutionary process by which new species arise.
geographical isolation
[ /ˌʤiəˈgræfɪkəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ]
地理隔离
📖 定义
A physical separation of populations by geographic barriers (mountains, rivers, canyons) that prevents gene flow and initiates allopatric speciation.
barrier habitat isolation
[ /ˈbɛriər ˈhæbəˌtæt ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ]
隔离栖息地隔离
📖 定义
A prezygotic reproductive barrier where two species inhabit different ecological niches within the same geographic area and rarely encounter each other to mate.
barrier temporal isolation
[ /ˈbɛriər ˈtɛmpərəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ]
隔离时间隔离
📖 定义
A prezygotic barrier in which related species breed at different times of the day, during different seasons, or in different years, preventing interbreeding.
behavioral isolation
[ /bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ]
行为隔离
📖 定义
A prezygotic reproductive barrier characterized by differences in courtship rituals, vocalizations, or mating displays that prevent cross-mating between species.
mechanical
[ /məˈkænɪkəl/ ]
器官隔离
📖 定义
A prezygotic barrier where anatomical and structural differences in reproductive organs physically prevent successful copulation or pollen transfer.
gametic isolation
[ /ɡəmˈɛtɪk ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ]
配子隔离
📖 定义
A prezygotic reproductive barrier where the sperm of one species is chemically incapable of fertilizing the egg of another species due to incompatible surface receptors.
reduced hybrid
[ /rɪˈdust ˈhaɪbrɪd/ ]
杂种生存力降低
📖 定义
A postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes between two species fail to develop properly or survive to reproductive maturity due to genetic incompatibility.
reduced hybrid fertility
[ /rɪˈdust ˈhaɪbrɪd fərˈtɪlɪti/ ]
杂种育性降低
📖 定义
A postzygotic barrier where interspecific hybrid offspring develop into vigorous adults but are sterile due to abnormal meiosis (e.g., mules).
hybrid breakdown
[ /ˈhaɪbrɪd ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn/ ]
杂种退化
📖 定义
A postzygotic barrier where first-generation (F1) interspecific hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring (F2) are feeble, malformed, or sterile.
viability punctuated equilibrium
[ /vaɪəˈbɪləti ˈpəŋkʧuˌeɪtɪd ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/ ]
降低点断模式
📖 定义
The theory that evolutionary change occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods ofstability.
fertility gradualism
[ /fərˈtɪlɪti ˈgræʤəwəˌlɪzəm/ ]
降低渐进式
📖 定义
The theory that evolution occurs through slow and steady changes over time.
divergent evolution
[ /dɪˈvərʤənt ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ ]
趋异进化
📖 定义
The process where related species evolve different traits, often due to different environments.
adaptive radiation
[ /əˈdæptɪv ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ ]
适应性辐射
📖 定义
The rapid evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor to exploit different ecological niches.
convergent evolution
[ /kənˈvərʤənt ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ ]
趋同进化
📖 定义
The process where unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
analogous structure
[ /əˈnæləgəs ˈstrəkʧər/ ]
同功结构
📖 定义
Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.
coevolution
[ /kˌoʊvəwˈɛlʃən/ ]
协同进化
📖 定义
The reciprocal evolutionary influence between two or more species.
phylogenetic tree
[ /fˌaɪələdʒənˈɛtɪk tri/ ]
系统发生树 / 种系发生树
📖 定义
A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among species based on their common ancestry.
cladogram
[ /ˈklædəɡræm/ ]
进化分支树
📖 定义
A branching diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics.
outgroup
[ /ˌaʊtɡrˈʌp/ ]
外群
📖 定义
A species or group used for comparison that diverged before the species being studied.
extinction
[ /ɪkˈstɪŋʃən/ ]
灭绝
📖 定义
The permanent loss of all members of a species.
Hardy-Weinberg
[ /hˈɑːrdjəwərbɪŋ/ ]
哈迪温伯格平衡
📖 定义
A principle stating that allele frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces.
allele frequency
[ /əˈliːl ˈfrikwənsi/ ]
等位基因
📖 定义
The proportion of a specific allele in a population's gene pool.
genotype
[ /ˈdʒiːnətaɪp/ ]
基因型频率
📖 定义
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by its alleles.
equilibrium genetic drift
[ /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm ʤəˈnɛtɪk drɪft/ ]
平衡基因漂变
📖 定义
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
bottlenecks
[ /ˈbɑtəlˌnɛks/ ]
频率瓶颈效应
📖 定义
A sharp reduction in population size that reduces genetic diversity.
frequency founder effect
[ /ˈfrikwənsi ˈfaʊndər ˈifɛkt/ ]
建立者效应
📖 定义
Reduced genetic variation that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population.
gene flow
[ /ʤin floʊ/ ]
基因漂流
📖 定义
The transfer of alleles from one population to another.
Miller-Urey experiment
[ /mˈɪlərwˌɛriː ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/ ]
米勒-尤里实验
📖 定义
A landmark 1953 origin-of-life simulation demonstrating that organic compounds, including amino acids, could abioticly synthesize from an inorganic reducing atmosphere.
RNAworld hypothesis RNA
[ /nˈɔːrwˌɜːrld haɪˈpɑθəsəs rˈeɪn/ ]
世界假说
📖 定义
The hypothesis that early life forms relied on RNA for both genetic information and catalytic functions.
ecology
[ /ɪˈkɑləʤi/ ]
生态学
📖 定义
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
organismal ecology
[ /ˈɔːrɡənzməsəl ɪˈkɑləʤi/ ]
个体生态学
📖 定义
The branch of ecology that studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior help it survive and reproduce in its environment.
endotherm
[ /ˈɛndoʊθɜːrm/ ]
恒温动物
📖 定义
An organism that generates its own body heat through internal metabolic processes to maintain a relatively stable internal temperature independently of the ambient environment.
ectotherm
[ /ˈɛktoʊθɜːrm/ ]
变温动物
📖 定义
An organism that relies predominantly on external environmental heat sources (such as solar radiation) to regulate its internal body temperature.
altruism/ altruistic behavior
[ /ˈæltruˌɪzəm / ˌɔltruˈɪstɪk bɪˈheɪvjər/ ]
利他行为
📖 定义
Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself.
kin selection
[ /kɪn səˈlɛkʃən/ ]
亲缘选择
📖 定义
A type of natural selection where individuals increase their genetic fitness by helping relatives reproduce.
population
[ /ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən/ ]
种群
📖 定义
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
exponential growth
[ /ˌɛkspoʊˈnɛnʃəl groʊθ/ ]
指数型增长
📖 定义
Rapid population increase in ideal conditions, represented by a J-shaped curve.
logistic growth
[ /ləˈʤɪstɪk groʊθ/ ]
逻辑斯蒂增长
📖 定义
Population growth that slows as it approaches the carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve.
carrying capacity (K)
[ /ˈkɛriɪŋ kəˈpæsɪti/ ]
环境容纳量 / 承载力
📖 定义
The maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support.
density-dependent
[ /dˌɛnsɪtˈɪdpɪntɪd/ ]
密度依赖
📖 定义
A factor whose effect on population size increases as population density rises, such as disease or competition.
density-independent factor
[ /dˌɛnsɪtˈɪntɪdənt ˈfæktər/ ]
增长非密度依赖因素因素
📖 定义
A factor that affects population size regardless of density, such as weather or natural disasters.
capacity/K community
[ /kəˈpæsɪti / keɪ kəmˈjunɪti/ ]
群落
📖 定义
A group of interacting species living in the same area.
factor species composition
[ /ˈfæktər ˈspiʃiz ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən/ ]
因素物种组成
📖 定义
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
species diversity
[ /ˈspiʃiz dɪˈvərsɪti/ ]
物种多样性
📖 定义
The variety of species in a community, including both richness and evenness.
species richness
[ /ˈspiʃiz ˈrɪʧnəs/ ]
物种丰富度
📖 定义
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
species evenness
[ /ˈspiʃiz ˈivənnəs/ ]
物种均衡度
📖 定义
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
Simpson's diversity
[ /ˈsɪmpsənz dɪˈvərsɪti/ ]
辛普森多样性指数
📖 定义
A mathematical quantitative metric (D = 1 - sum(n/N)^2) used to quantify biodiversity, taking into account both species richness and species evenness.
niche
[ /nɪʧ/ ]
生态位
📖 定义
The role and position an organism has in its environment, including its interactions and resource use.
competition
[ /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/ ]
竞争
📖 定义
The struggle between organisms for the same limited resources in an ecosystem.
index niche partitioning
[ /ˈɪndɛks nɪʧ pɑrˈtɪʃənɪŋ/ ]
性指数生态位分离
📖 定义
The role and position an organism has in its environment, including its interactions and resource use.
predation
[ /prəˈdeɪʃən/ ]
捕食
📖 定义
A biological interaction in which one free-living organism (the predator) hunts, kills, and consumes another organism (the prey) for sustenance.
predator
[ /ˈprɛdətər/ ]
捕食者
📖 定义
An organism that naturally preys upon and consumes other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients.
prey
[ /preɪ/ ]
被捕食者
📖 定义
An animal hunted, caught, and consumed by a predator in a predator-prey relationship.
herbivory
[ /hˈɜːrbɪvˌɔːriː/ ]
食草
📖 定义
A trophic interaction in which an herbivore consumes autotrophic plant tissues or algae without necessarily killing the whole plant organism.
herbivore
[ /ˈərbɪˌvɔr/ ]
食草动物
📖 定义
A primary consumer adapted anatomically and physiologically to feed exclusively or primarily on autotrophic plants or algae.
carnivore
[ /ˈkɑrnɪˌvɔr/ ]
食肉动物
📖 定义
A secondary or tertiary consumer that obtains nutritional energy primarily by eating animal tissue.
food chain
[ /fud ʧeɪn/ ]
食物链
📖 定义
A linear sequence showing how energy and nutrients flow from one organism to another.
food web
[ /fud wɛb/ ]
食物网
📖 定义
A complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
producer
[ /prəˈdusər/ ]
生产者
📖 定义
An organism that creates its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
consumer
[ /kənˈsumər/ ]
消费者
📖 定义
An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms.
trophic level
[ /trˈɑːfɪk ˈlɛvəl/ ]
营养级
📖 定义
A step in the food chain or food web, representing an organism's position in the flow of energy.
autotroph
[ /ˈɔːtətrɑːf/ ]
自养型生物
📖 定义
An organism that produces its own food from inorganic sources.
photoautotroph
[ /ˌfoʊtoʊˈɔːtətrɑːf/ ]
光能自养型
📖 定义
An autotroph that uses sunlight to produce energy through photosynthesis.
chemoautotroph
[ /ˌkiːmoʊˈɔːtətrɑːf/ ]
化能自养型
📖 定义
An autotroph that uses chemical energy to produce food through chemosynthesis.
chemosynthesis
[ /ˌkiːmoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ]
化能合成作用
📖 定义
The process by which certain organisms produce energy-rich compounds using chemical energy instead of light.
heterotroph
[ /ˈhɛtərətrɑːf/ ]
生物异养型生物
📖 定义
An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.
10% rule 10%
[ /rul/ ]
生物原则
📖 定义
The principle that only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next.
trophic pyramid
[ /trˈɑːfɪk ˈpɪrəmɪd/ ]
作用营养金字塔
📖 定义
A graphical representation of energy or biomass distribution among trophic levels.
bottom-up model
[ /ˈbɑtəˌməp ˈmɑdəl/ ]
自下而上模型
📖 定义
A model that suggests the availability of resources at the lowest trophic level determines the structure of the ecosystem.
top-down model
[ /ˈtɔpˌdaʊn ˈmɑdəl/ ]
自上而下模型
📖 定义
A model where predators regulate the structure and population sizes of lower trophic levels.
trophic cascade
[ /trˈɑːfɪk kæˈskeɪd/ ]
营养级联
📖 定义
A model where predators regulate the structure and population sizes of lower trophic levels.
symbiosis
[ /ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsɪs/ ]
共生现象
📖 定义
A close, long-term interaction between two different species.
mutualism
[ /ˈmjuːtʃuəlɪzəm/ ]
互利共生
📖 定义
A type of symbiosis where both species benefit from the interaction.
parasitism
[ /ˈpærəsɪtɪzəm/ ]
寄生
📖 定义
A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits while the other is harmed
parasite
[ /ˈpɛrəˌsaɪt/ ]
寄生者
📖 定义
An organism that lives on or inside a host organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host organism's expense, often causing physiological harm.
host
[ /hoʊst/ ]
宿主
📖 定义
An organism that harbors and provides nutritional sustenance or shelter to a symbiotic parasite or mutualistic organism.
commensalism
[ /kəˈmɛnsəlɪzəm/ ]
共栖
📖 定义
A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
decomposer
[ /dˌiːkəmpˈoʊzər/ ]
分解者
📖 定义
An organism (such as fungi and bacteria) that digests and breaks down dead organic matter and metabolic wastes into essential inorganic nutrients, recycling them through the ecosystem.
decomposition
[ /ˌdikəmpəˈzɪʃən/ ]
分解作用
📖 定义
The process by which decomposers break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
keystone species
[ /ˈkiˌstoʊn ˈspiʃiz/ ]
关键物种
📖 定义
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem relative to its abundance.
ecosystem diversity
[ /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm dɪˈvərsɪti/ ]
生态系统多样性
📖 定义
A biological community and its physical environment interacting as a system.
biotic factor
[ /bˌaɪətˈɛk ˈfæktər/ ]
生物要素
📖 定义
A living component of an ecosystem, such as plants or animals.
abiotic factor
[ /ˌæbiːˈɑːtɪk ˈfæktər/ ]
非生物要素
📖 定义
A non-living component of an ecosystem, such as sunlight, water, or temperature.
biodiversity
[ /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvərsəti/ ]
生物多样性
📖 定义
The variety of life in all its forms, levels, and combinations within an ecosystem.
invasive species
[ /ˌɪnˈveɪsɪv ˈspiʃiz/ ]
入侵性物种
📖 定义
A non-native species that spreads rapidly and causes harm to ecosystems.
| 生物单词 (Term) | 国际音标 (IPA) | 中文释义 (Translation) | 英文详细定义 (Definition) | 单元 (Unit) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| polar molecule | [ /ˈpoʊlər ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ] | 极性分子 |
A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule, resulting in partially positive and partially negative poles.
|
Unit 1 |
| nonpolar molecule | [ /nɑːnpˈɑːlər ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ] | 非极性分子 |
A molecule that lacks a net electric charge or dipole moment due to equal sharing of electrons or symmetrical molecular geometry, making it hydrophobic.
|
Unit 1 |
| hydrogen bond | [ /ˈhaɪdrəʤən bɑnd/ ] | 氢键 |
A weak bond formed between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, in different molecules or within a large molecule.
|
Unit 1 |
| cohesion | [ /koʊˈhiʒən/ ] | 内聚力 |
The attraction between molecules of the same substance, often seen in water due to hydrogen bonding.
|
Unit 1 |
| adhesion | [ /æˈdhiʒən/ ] | 粘附力 |
The attraction between molecules of different substances, such as water adhering to plant cell walls.
|
Unit 1 |
| surface tension | [ /ˈsərfəs ˈtɛnʃən/ ] | 表面张力 |
The cohesive forces at the surface of a liquid that allow it to resist external forces and form a "skin."
|
Unit 1 |
| specific heat/heat capacity | [ /spɪˈsɪfɪk hit / hit kəˈpæsɪti/ ] | 比热容 |
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
|
Unit 1 |
| heat of vaporization | [ /hit əv veɪpərəˈzeɪʃən/ ] | 气化潜能 |
The amount of heat required to convert one gram of a liquid into vapor without a temperature change.
|
Unit 1 |
| boiling point | [ /ˈbɔɪlɪŋ pɔɪnt/ ] | 沸点 |
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external atmospheric pressure, requiring substantial thermal energy to break intermolecular hydrogen bonds in water.
|
Unit 1 |
| hydrophilic | [ /ˌhaɪdrəˈfɪlɪk/ ] | 亲水的 |
Substances that interact well with water, often due to polar or charged properties.
|
Unit 1 |
| hydrophobic | [ /ˌhaɪdrəˈfoʊbɪk/ ] | 疏水的 |
Substances that repel water, typically nonpolar and unable to form hydrogen bonds.
|
Unit 1 |
| organic molecule | [ /ɔrˈgænɪk ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ] | 有机分子 |
A chemical compound that contains carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen and often other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
|
Unit 1 |
| macromolecule | [ /ˌmækroʊˈmɑːlɪkjuːl/ ] | 大分子 |
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
|
Unit 1 |
| monomer | [ /ˈmɑnəmər/ ] | 单体 |
A small molecule that can bind chemically to form larger molecules.
|
Unit 1 |
| polymer | [ /ˈpɑləmər/ ] | 多聚体 |
A large molecule composed of repeating monomeric units linked by covalent bonds.
|
Unit 1 |
| dehydration reaction/ dehydration synthesis/ | [ /ˌdihaɪˈdreɪʃən riˈækʃən / ˌdihaɪˈdreɪʃən ˈsɪnθəsəs/ ] | 脱水缩合 |
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by covalent bonds with the removal of a water molecule.
|
Unit 1 |
| hydrolysis | [ /haɪˈdrɑːləsɪs/ ] | 水解 |
A chemical reaction in which water is used to break bonds between molecules.
|
Unit 1 |
| carbohydrates | [ /ˌkɑrboʊˈhaɪdreɪts/ ] | 碳水化合物 |
Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, primarily used for energy storage and structural purposes.
|
Unit 1 |
| condensation monosaccharide | [ /ˌkɑndənˈseɪʃən ˌmɑːnoʊˈsækəraɪd/ ] | 单糖 |
The simplest form of carbohydrate, consisting of a single sugar molecule.
|
Unit 1 |
| glucose | [ /ˈɡluːkoʊs/ ] | 葡萄糖 |
A six-carbon monosaccharide (hexose) with the molecular formula C6H12O6; serves as the primary substrate for cellular respiration and a monomer for glycogen, starch, and cellulose.
|
Unit 1 |
| galactose | [ /ɡəˈlæktoʊs/ ] | 半乳糖 |
A six-carbon aldose monosaccharide that is a stereoisomer of glucose; combines with glucose via a beta-1,4-glycosidic bond to form the disaccharide lactose.
|
Unit 1 |
| fructose | [ /ˈfrʊktoʊs/ ] | 果糖 |
A six-carbon keto-hexose monosaccharide found commonly in fruits and honey; combines with glucose via an alpha-1,beta-2-glycosidic bond to form sucrose.
|
Unit 1 |
| disaccharide | [ /daɪˈsækəraɪd/ ] | 二糖 |
A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond.
|
Unit 1 |
| maltose | [ /ˈmɔːltoʊs/ ] | 麦芽糖 |
A disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by an alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond; produced during the enzymatic breakdown of starch.
|
Unit 1 |
| sucrose | [ /ˈsuːkroʊs/ ] | 蔗糖 |
A common disaccharide (table sugar) consisting of one glucose and one fructose molecule linked by a glycosidic bond; major transport form of sugar in plants.
|
Unit 1 |
| lactose | [ /ˈlæktoʊs/ ] | 乳糖 |
A disaccharide composed of one galactose and one glucose unit joined by a beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage; the primary carbohydrate found in mammalian milk.
|
Unit 1 |
| polysaccharide | [ /ˌpɑːliˈsækəraɪd/ ] | 多糖 |
A complex carbohydrate consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units.
|
Unit 1 |
| starch | [ /stɑrʧ/ ] | 淀粉 |
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds (composed of amylose and amylopectin).
|
Unit 1 |
| glycogen | [ /ˈɡlaɪkədʒən/ ] | 糖原 |
An extensively branched storage polysaccharide of glucose found in animal liver and muscle tissues; hydrolyzed to release glucose when metabolic demand increases.
|
Unit 1 |
| cellulose | [ /ˈsɛljʊloʊs/ ] | 纤维素 |
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls consisting of straight, unbranched beta-1,4-linked glucose chains bundled into rigid, insoluble microfibrils.
|
Unit 1 |
| lipids | [ /lˈɪpədz/ ] | 脂类 |
A group of hydrophobic organic molecules, including fats, oils, and steroids, that are used for energy storage and cell membrane structure.
|
Unit 1 |
| fatty acid | [ /ˈfæti ˈæsəd/ ] | 脂肪酸 |
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, a key component of lipids.
|
Unit 1 |
| hydrocarbon chain | [ /ˌhaɪdroʊˈkɑrbən ʧeɪn/ ] | 碳氢链 |
A nonpolar chain of covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, such as the fatty acid tail of lipids, that is hydrophobic and energy-rich.
|
Unit 1 |
| saturated fatty acid | [ /ˈsæʧərˌeɪtɪd ˈfæti ˈæsəd/ ] | 饱和脂肪酸 |
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, a key component of lipids.
|
Unit 1 |
| unsaturated fatty acid | [ /ənˈsæʧərˌeɪtɪd ˈfæti ˈæsəd/ ] | 不饱和脂肪酸 |
A carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, a key component of lipids.
|
Unit 1 |
| glycerol | [ /ˈglɪsərˌoʊl/ ] | 甘油 |
A three-carbon alcohol with three hydroxyl (-OH) groups that forms the covalent backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids through ester linkages.
|
Unit 1 |
| triglyceride | [ /traɪˈɡlɪsəraɪd/ ] | 甘油三酯 |
A lipid molecule made up of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains.
|
Unit 1 |
| phospholipid | [ /ˌfɑːsfoʊˈlɪpɪd/ ] | 磷脂 |
A lipid containing a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails, essential for cell membranes.
|
Unit 1 |
| phosphate group | [ /ˈfɑsfeɪt grup/ ] | 磷酸基团 |
A functional group (-PO4^2-) consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms; critical in energy transfer (ATP), nucleic acid backbones, and phospholipid membranes.
|
Unit 1 |
| phospholipid bilayer | [ /ˌfɑːsfoʊˈlɪpɪd ˈbaɪleɪər/ ] | 磷脂双分子层 |
The double-layered structure of cell membranes formed by phospholipids, with hydrophilic heads outward and hydrophobic tails inward
|
Unit 1 |
| steroid | [ /stərɔɪd/ ] | 固醇类 |
A type of lipid with a characteristic four-ring structure, functioning as hormones or membrane components.
|
Unit 1 |
| cholesterol | [ /kəˈlɛstərˌɔl/ ] | 胆固醇 |
A steroid that is a key component of cell membranes and a precursor for other steroid hormones.
|
Unit 1 |
| hormone | [ /ˈhɔrˌmoʊn/ ] | 激素/荷尔蒙 |
A secreted signaling molecule in multicellular organisms that travels in body fluids to act on specific target cells to coordinate physiology and behavior.
|
Unit 1 |
| protein | [ /ˈproʊˌtin/ ] | 蛋白质 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 1 |
| amino acid | [ /əˈminoʊ ˈæsəd/ ] | 氨基酸 |
The building block of proteins, consisting of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique side chain.
|
Unit 1 |
| R group R | [ /ɑr grup ɑr/ ] | 基 |
The variable side chain attached to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid that confers its distinctive chemical properties (polar, nonpolar, acidic, or basic).
|
Unit 1 |
| side chain | [ /saɪd ʧeɪn/ ] | 侧链 |
Alternative term for the R group of an amino acid; determines the tertiary folding pattern and chemical reactivity of a protein.
|
Unit 1 |
| backbone | [ /ˈbækˌboʊn/ ] | 骨架 |
The repeating structural chain of a polymer, such as the sugar-phosphate chain in nucleic acids or the N-C-C chain in polypeptide backbones.
|
Unit 1 |
| peptide bond | [ /ˈpɛpˌtaɪd bɑnd/ ] | 肽键 |
A covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.
|
Unit 1 |
| polypeptide | [ /pˌɑːliːpˈɛptədˌaɪd/ ] | 多肽 |
A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, which folds to form a protein.
|
Unit 1 |
| amino-end (N-terminus) | [ /ˈæmɪnˌoʊdn/ ] | 氨基端 (N端) |
The end of a polypeptide chain that terminates with an unbound, free amino group (-NH2 or -NH3+); represents the start of protein synthesis.
|
Unit 1 |
| carboxylend C | [ /kˈɑːrbəkəndlɪs si/ ] | 端 |
The end of a polypeptide chain that terminates with an unbound, free carboxyl group (-COOH or -COO-); represents the terminus where new amino acids are added.
|
Unit 1 |
| primary structure | [ /ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈstrəkʧər/ ] | 初级结构 |
The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.
|
Unit 1 |
| secondary structure | [ /ˈsɛkənˌdɛri ˈstrəkʧər/ ] | 二级结构 |
Localized folding of a polypeptide into structures like alpha-helices and beta- sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
|
Unit 1 |
| alpha-helix (α-helix) | [ /ˈælfəlˌɛkəlz/ ] | α螺旋 |
A secondary structure of proteins consisting of a coiled polypeptide chain stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen and amide hydrogen four residues apart.
|
Unit 1 |
| beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated sheet) | [ /bˈiːtəplˌeɪtəd ʃit/ ] | β折叠 |
A secondary protein structure in which two or more parallel or antiparallel polypeptide strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms.
|
Unit 1 |
| tertiary structure | [ /ˈtərʃəri ˈstrəkʧər/ ] | 三级结构 |
The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein formed by interactions between side chains.
|
Unit 1 |
| disulfide bridge | [ /dɪsˈʌləfˌaɪd brɪʤ/ ] | 二硫键 |
A strong covalent bond formed between the sulfhydryl (-SH) groups of two cysteine residues; stabilizes the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins.
|
Unit 1 |
| quaternary structure | [ /kˈwɑtərˌnɛri ˈstrəkʧər/ ] | 四级结构 |
The structure formed when multiple polypeptides interact to form a functional protein.
|
Unit 1 |
| hemoglobin | [ /ˌhiməˈgloʊbən/ ] | 血红蛋白 |
An iron-containing quaternary protein in red blood cells consisting of two alpha and two beta globin subunits that transports oxygen from lungs to tissues.
|
Unit 1 |
| alpha-globin (α-globin) | [ /ˌælfəɡˈɑːlbən/ ] | α珠蛋白 |
One of the two primary polypeptide subunit types that compose adult hemoglobin, encoded by genes on human chromosome 16.
|
Unit 1 |
| beta-globin (β-globin) | [ /bɪtˈɑːɡlən/ ] | β珠蛋白 |
One of the two primary polypeptide subunit types that compose adult hemoglobin, encoded by genes on human chromosome 11; mutated in sickle cell disease.
|
Unit 1 |
| denature/ denaturation | [ /dɪˈneɪʧər / dɪnˈækjətrˈeɪʃən/ ] | （蛋白质）变性 |
The process where a protein loses its structure and function due to external factors like heat or pH changes.
|
Unit 1 |
| renature/renaturation | [ /rˈɛnətʃər / rɪnˈætʃərətˈeɪn/ ] | （蛋白质）复性 |
The process by which a denatured protein regains its native structure and function.
|
Unit 1 |
| nucleic acid | [ /nuˈkleɪɪk ˈæsəd/ ] | 核酸 |
A macromolecule that stores genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.
|
Unit 1 |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 脱氧核糖核酸 |
A macromolecule that stores genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.
|
Unit 1 |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | [ /rˈeɪn/ ] | 核糖核酸 |
A macromolecule that stores genetic information, such as DNA and RNA.
|
Unit 1 |
| nucleotide | [ /ˈnuːkliətaɪd/ ] | 核苷酸 |
The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
|
Unit 1 |
| deoxyribose | [ /diːˌɑːksɪˈraɪboʊs/ ] | 脱氧核糖 |
The five-carbon pentose sugar found in DNA nucleotides, which lacks a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon position (contains -H instead of -OH).
|
Unit 1 |
| ribose | [ /ˈraɪboʊs/ ] | 核糖 |
The five-carbon pentose sugar present in RNA nucleotides and ATP, containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 2' carbon position.
|
Unit 1 |
| nitrogenous base | [ /naɪˈtrɑʤənəs beɪs/ ] | 含氮碱基 |
A nitrogen-containing organic molecule with basic properties that forms the informational component of nucleotides; classified into purines and pyrimidines.
|
Unit 1 |
| pyrimidine | [ /pˌɪrɪmˈɪdiːn/ ] | 嘧啶 |
A class of nitrogenous bases characterized by a single six-membered carbon-nitrogen ring; includes cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
|
Unit 1 |
| purine | [ /pʊrˈiːniː/ ] | 嘌呤 |
A class of nitrogenous bases characterized by a fused six-membered and five-membered carbon-nitrogen double ring; includes adenine (A) and guanine (G).
|
Unit 1 |
| cytosine | [ /ˈsaɪtəsiːn/ ] | 胞嘧啶 |
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found in both DNA and RNA that forms three hydrogen bonds with guanine during base pairing.
|
Unit 1 |
| thymine | [ /ˈθaɪmiːn/ ] | 胸腺嘧啶 |
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found exclusively in DNA that pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds.
|
Unit 1 |
| uracil | [ /ˈjʊrəsɪl/ ] | 尿嘧啶 |
A pyrimidine nitrogenous base found exclusively in RNA that pairs with adenine via two hydrogen bonds during transcription and translation.
|
Unit 1 |
| adenine | [ /ˈædənɪn/ ] | 腺嘌呤 |
A purine nitrogenous base found in DNA, RNA, and ATP that pairs with thymine in DNA (two hydrogen bonds) and uracil in RNA.
|
Unit 1 |
| guanine | [ /ˈɡwɑːniːn/ ] | 鸟嘌呤 |
A purine nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA that forms three hydrogen bonds with cytosine during complementary base pairing.
|
Unit 1 |
| sugar-phosphate backbone | [ /saɪɡˈʌsprəhˌeɪts ˈbækˌboʊn/ ] | 糖磷酸骨架 |
The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate units linked by covalent phosphodiester bonds that forms the structural structural sides of a nucleic acid strand.
|
Unit 1 |
| 3' end | [ /ɛnd/ ] | 3'端 |
The terminus of a nucleic acid strand terminating in a free hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 3' carbon of the terminal pentose sugar.
|
Unit 1 |
| 5' end | [ /ɛnd/ ] | 5'端 |
The terminus of a nucleic acid strand terminating in a free phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of the terminal pentose sugar.
|
Unit 1 |
| base sequence | [ /beɪs ˈsikwəns/ ] | 碱基序列 |
The specific order of nitrogenous bases in a nucleic acid, encoding genetic information.
|
Unit 1 |
| base pairing | [ /beɪs ˈpɛrɪŋ/ ] | 碱基互补配对 |
The specific hydrogen bonding between complementary bases in DNA or RNA （e.g.， A-T or A-U, and G-C）.
|
Unit 1 |
| antiparallel | [ /ˌæntəpˈɑːrələ/ ] | 反向平行 |
The opposite orientation of the two strands in a DNA double helix.
|
Unit 1 |
| double helix | [ /ˈdəbəl ˈhiːlɪks/ ] | 双螺旋 |
The spiral-shaped structure formed by two strands of DNA held together by base pairing.
|
Unit 1 |
| prokaryotic cell | [ /proʊˌkæriˈɑːtɪk sɛl/ ] | 原核细胞 |
A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, characteristic of bacteria and archaea.
|
Unit 2 |
| eukaryotic cell | [ /juːˌkæriˈɑːtɪk sɛl/ ] | 真核细胞 |
A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, found in plants, animals， fungi,and protists.
|
Unit 2 |
| bacterium/bacteria | [ /bækˈtɪriəm / bækˈtɪriə/ ] | 细菌 |
Single-celled prokaryotic microorganisms that possess peptidoglycan cell walls, circular DNA, and 70S ribosomes, lacking membrane-bound organelles.
|
Unit 2 |
| archaea | [ /ɑːrkˈeɪə/ ] | 古菌 |
A domain of single-celled prokaryotes biochemically distinct from bacteria, often inhabiting extreme environments (extremophiles) and having unique ether-linked membrane lipids.
|
Unit 2 |
| animal | [ /ˈænəməl/ ] | 动物 |
A kingdom of multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that ingest other organisms, lack cell walls, and possess differentiated tissues.
|
Unit 2 |
| plant | [ /plænt/ ] | 植物 |
A kingdom of multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotic organisms with cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and alternation of generations.
|
Unit 2 |
| fungus/fungi | [ /ˈfəŋgəs / ˈfənʤaɪ/ ] | 真菌 |
A kingdom of heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from their surroundings via hyphae, possess chitinous cell walls, and act as major decomposers.
|
Unit 2 |
| protist | [ /prˈoʊtɪst/ ] | 原生生物 |
A diverse, non-monophyletic paraphyletic group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi (e.g., amoebas, paramecia, algae).
|
Unit 2 |
| cell membrane/ plasma membrane | [ /sɛl ˈmɛmˌbreɪn / ˈplæzmə ˈmɛmˌbreɪn/ ] | 细胞膜 |
A selectively permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.
|
Unit 2 |
| cytoplasm | [ /ˈsaɪtəplæzəm/ ] | 细胞质 |
The region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing organelles and the cytosol.
|
Unit 2 |
| cytosol | [ /ˈsaɪtəsɑːl/ ] | 细胞质基质 |
The gel-like substance within the cytoplasm where organelles and cellular components are suspended.
|
Unit 2 |
| nucleus | [ /ˈnukliəs/ ] | 细胞核 |
The membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell's DNA and controls its activities.
|
Unit 2 |
| nucleoid | [ /nˈuːklˌɔɪd/ ] | 拟核 |
The region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane.
|
Unit 2 |
| organelle | [ /ˌɔːrɡənˈɛl/ ] | 细胞器 |
A specialized structure within a cell that performs specific functions.
|
Unit 2 |
| membrane bound organelle | [ /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn baʊnd ˌɔːrɡənˈɛl/ ] | 带膜的细胞器 |
An organelle enclosed by a lipid bilayer, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or Golgi apparatus.
|
Unit 2 |
| compartmentalization | [ /kəmˌpɑːrtˌmɛntələˈzeɪʃən/ ] | 区室化 |
The organization of cellular activities into specialized, membrane-bound compartments.
|
Unit 2 |
| fluid mosaic model | [ /fluɪd moʊˈzeɪɪk ˈmɑdəl/ ] | 流动镶嵌模型 |
A model describing the structure of the plasma membrane as a flexible bilayer with embedded proteins.
|
Unit 2 |
| glycoprotein | [ /ˌɡlaɪkoʊˈproʊtiːn/ ] | 糖蛋白 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 2 |
| glycolipid | [ /ˌɡlaɪkoʊˈlɪpɪd/ ] | 糖脂 |
A lipid molecule covalently attached to one or more carbohydrate chains, embedded in the plasma membrane and involved in cell recognition and membrane stability.
|
Unit 2 |
| cell-cell recognition | [ /sɛl sɛl ˌrɛkɪgˈnɪʃən/ ] | 细胞间识别 |
The ability of a cell to distinguish neighboring cells by binding to surface molecules (often glycoproteins or glycolipids) on the extracellular plasma membrane.
|
Unit 2 |
| intercellular joining | [ /ˌɪntərˈsɛljələr ˈʤɔɪnɪŋ/ ] | 细胞间连接 |
Membrane proteins of adjacent cells that hook together in various junctions (such as tight junctions, gap junctions, or desmosomes) to facilitate adhesion and communication.
|
Unit 2 |
| selective/partial/semi | [ /səˈlɛktɪv / ˈpɑrʃəl / ˈsɛmi/ ] | 选择透过性 |
The property of a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
|
Unit 2 |
| passive | [ /ˈpæsɪv/ ] | 被动运输 |
The movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy, down their concentration gradient.
|
Unit 2 |
| simple diffusion | [ /ˈsɪmpəl dɪfˈjuʒən/ ] | 简单扩散 |
The movement of molecules directly across the membrane down their concentration gradient.
|
Unit 2 |
| permeability facilitated diffusion | [ /pərˌmiəˈbɪlɪti fəˈsɪləˌteɪtɪd dɪfˈjuʒən/ ] | 过性辅助扩散 |
The passive movement of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins.
|
Unit 2 |
| transport protein | [ /ˈtrænspɔrt ˈproʊˌtin/ ] | 转运蛋白 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 2 |
| channel protein | [ /ˈʧænəl ˈproʊˌtin/ ] | 通道蛋白 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 2 |
| carrier protein | [ /ˈkɛriər ˈproʊˌtin/ ] | 载体蛋白 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 2 |
| protein osmosis | [ /ˈproʊˌtin ɑːzˈmoʊsɪs/ ] | 渗透作用 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 2 |
| aquaporin | [ /ˌækwəˈpɔːrɪn/ ] | 水通道蛋白 |
A specialized channel protein in the plasma membrane that facilitates the rapid, selective passage of water molecules by osmosis.
|
Unit 2 |
| hypotonic | [ /hˌaɪpətˈɑːnɪk/ ] | 低渗的 |
A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another, causing water to enter a cell.
|
Unit 2 |
| hypertonic | [ /ˌhaɪpərˈtɑnɪk/ ] | 高渗的 |
A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another, causing water to leave a cell.
|
Unit 2 |
| isotonic | [ /ˌaɪsəˈtɑnɪk/ ] | 等渗的 |
A solution with the same solute concentration as another, resulting in no net water movement.
|
Unit 2 |
| osmoregulation | [ /ˌɑːzmoʊˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ ] | 渗透调节 |
The process by which organisms maintain water and solute balance within their bodies or cells.
|
Unit 2 |
| water potential | [ /ˈwɔtər pəˈtɛnʃəl/ ] | 水势 |
A measure of the potential energy in water, determining the direction of its movement.
|
Unit 2 |
| pressure potential | [ /ˈprɛʃər pəˈtɛnʃəl/ ] | 压力势 |
A component of water potential that represents the physical pressure exerted on a solution; positive in turgid plant cells, negative under tension (transpiration).
|
Unit 2 |
| solute potential | [ /sˈoʊluːt pəˈtɛnʃəl/ ] | 溶质势 |
A component of water potential that is directly proportional to the molarity of a solution and is always zero or negative; reduces water potential as solute concentration rises.
|
Unit 2 |
| active transport | [ /ˈæktɪv ˈtrænspɔrt/ ] | 主动运输 |
The movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
|
Unit 2 |
| primary active transport | [ /ˈpraɪˌmɛri ˈæktɪv ˈtrænspɔrt/ ] | 初级主动运输 |
Active transport that directly uses energy, typically from ATP, to move substances.
|
Unit 2 |
| secondary active transport | [ /ˈsɛkənˌdɛri ˈæktɪv ˈtrænspɔrt/ ] | 次级主动运输运输 |
Active transport that uses the energy from an existing gradient established by primary active transport.
|
Unit 2 |
| Na+/K+pump or Nat/K+ ATPase | [ /nɑ / keɪ pəmp ər næt / keɪ ˈætpˌeɪs/ ] | 钠钾泵 |
An electrogenic transmembrane transport protein that hydrolyzes ATP to actively pump 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell against their concentration gradients.
|
Unit 2 |
| endocytosis | [ /ˌɛndoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs/ ] | 内吞作用 |
The process of taking substances into the cell by engulfing them in vesicles.
|
Unit 2 |
| exocytosis | [ /ˌɛksoʊsaɪˈtoʊsɪs/ ] | 胞吐 |
The process of expelling substances from the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.
|
Unit 2 |
| vesicle | [ /ˈvɛsɪkəl/ ] | 小泡 |
A small, membrane-bound sac used for transport or storage within a cell.
|
Unit 2 |
| nuclear envelope | [ /ˈnukliər ˈɛnvəˌloʊp/ ] | 核膜 |
A double membrane perforated with protein-lined nuclear pores that encloses the nucleus, separating genetic material from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
|
Unit 2 |
| nucleolus | [ /njuːˈkliːələs/ ] | 核仁 |
A dense region inside the non-dividing eukaryotic nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and assembled with ribosomal proteins into ribosome subunits.
|
Unit 2 |
| nuclear pore | [ /ˈnukliər pɔr/ ] | 核孔 |
A large protein complex spanning the double membrane of the nuclear envelope that regulates molecular trafficking (mRNA, proteins) between nucleus and cytoplasm.
|
Unit 2 |
| chromatin | [ /ˈkroʊmətɪn/ ] | 染色质 |
The complex of DNA and proteins in a loose form that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.
|
Unit 2 |
| ribosome | [ /ˈraɪbəsoʊm/ ] | 核糖体 |
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
|
Unit 2 |
| large subunit | [ /lɑrʤ səbˈiːnɪt/ ] | 大亚基 |
The larger of the two ribonucleoprotein complexes forming a functional ribosome; catalyzes peptide bond formation at its peptidyl transferase center.
|
Unit 2 |
| small subunit | [ /smɔl səbˈiːnɪt/ ] | 小亚基 |
The smaller ribonucleoprotein ribosomal subunit that binds mRNA and mediates base pairing between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons.
|
Unit 2 |
| ribosomal RNA/ rRNA RNA | [ /ˌraɪbəˈsoʊməl rˈeɪn / rˈiːnə rˈeɪn/ ] | 核糖体 |
RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; some rRNAs have catalytic enzymatic activity (ribozymes) in peptide bond synthesis.
|
Unit 2 |
| free ribosome | [ /fri ˈraɪbəsoʊm/ ] | 悬浮核糖体 |
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
|
Unit 2 |
| attached ribosome | [ /əˈtæʧt ˈraɪbəsoʊm/ ] | 黏附核糖体 |
A cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA.
|
Unit 2 |
| endoplasmic reticulum/ER | [ /ˌɛndoʊˈplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm / ər/ ] | 内质网 |
A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
|
Unit 2 |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum/rough | [ /rəf ˌɛndoʊˈplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm / rəf/ ] | 粗面内质网 |
The portion of the ER studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and modification.
|
Unit 2 |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum/smooth ER | [ /smuð ˌɛndoʊˈplæzmɪk rɪˈtɪkjʊləm / smuð ər/ ] | 滑面内质网 |
The portion of the ER without ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
|
Unit 2 |
| Golgi apparatus/ body/complex | [ /ˈgoʊlʤi ˌæpərˈætəs / ˈbɑdi / ˈkɑmplɛks/ ] | 高尔基体 |
A membrane-bound organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.
|
Unit 2 |
| ER lysosome | [ /ər ˈlaɪsəsoʊm/ ] | 溶酶体 |
A membrane-bound organelle containing enzymes for digesting macromolecules and recycling cellular components.
|
Unit 2 |
| hydrolytic enzyme | [ /hˌaɪdrəlˈɪtɪk ˈɛnˌzaɪm/ ] | 水解酶 |
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
|
Unit 2 |
| apoptosis | [ /ˌæpɔpˈtoʊsɪz/ ] | 细胞凋亡 |
Programmed cell death, a controlled process that eliminates unnecessary or damaged cells.
|
Unit 2 |
| vacuole | [ /ˈvækjuːoʊl/ ] | 液泡 |
A membrane-bound sac used for storage, waste disposal, and maintaining cell pressure.
|
Unit 2 |
| central vacuole | [ /ˈsɛntrəl ˈvækjuːoʊl/ ] | 中央大液泡 |
A large vacuole in plant cells that stores water and maintains turgor pressure.
|
Unit 2 |
| mitochondrion/ | [ /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑːndriən/ ] | 线粒体 |
The organelle where cellular respiration occurs, producing ATP.
|
Unit 2 |
| cellular | [ /ˈsɛljələr/ ] | 细胞呼吸 |
A process that converts glucose into ATP by breaking down organic molecules in the presence of oxygen.
|
Unit 2 |
| crista/cristae | [ /ˈkrɪstə / ˈkrɪstiː/ ] | 嵴 |
Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane that house the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes, greatly increasing the surface area for ATP production.
|
Unit 2 |
| mitochondrial matrix | [ /mˌaɪtəkˈɑːndriːəl ˈmeɪtrɪks/ ] | 线粒体基质 |
The fluid-filled compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane containing enzymes for the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.
|
Unit 2 |
| intermembrane space | [ /ˌɪntərmbˈɛrən speɪs/ ] | 膜间隙 |
The narrow region between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria or chloroplasts; serves as a reservoir for accumulated protons during chemiosmosis.
|
Unit 2 |
| chloroplast | [ /ˈklɔːrəplæst/ ] | 叶绿体 |
The organelle in plant and algal cells where photosynthesis occurs.
|
Unit 2 |
| photosynthesis | [ /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ] | 基质光合作用 |
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
|
Unit 2 |
| space stroma | [ /speɪs ˈstroʊmə/ ] | 叶绿体基质 |
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membranes; site of the Calvin cycle (carbon fixation) and containing chloroplast DNA and ribosomes.
|
Unit 2 |
| thylakoid | [ /ˈθaɪləkɔɪd/ ] | 类囊体 |
A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast arranged in stacks (grana); its membranes contain chlorophyll and pigments where light-dependent reactions occur.
|
Unit 2 |
| granum / grana | [ /ˈgrænəm / ˈgrænə/ ] | 基粒 |
A stack of membrane-bound thylakoid discs in chloroplasts where light absorption and photophosphorylation take place.
|
Unit 2 |
| endosymbiosis | [ /ˌɛndoʊsˌaɪəmbˈiːəsəs/ ] | 内共生假说 |
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
|
Unit 2 |
| cytoskeleton | [ /sˌaɪtoʊksˈɛlətən/ ] | 细胞骨架 |
A network of protein fibers that provide structural support and enable cell movement.
|
Unit 2 |
| microtubule | [ /ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈtubjul/ ] | 微管 |
A cylinder-shaped component of the cytoskeleton involved in maintaining cell shape, transport, and division.
|
Unit 2 |
| hypothesis microflament | [ /haɪˈpɑθəsəs mˈaɪkroʊflˌæmənt/ ] | 微丝 |
Thin fibers in the cytoskeleton that support cell shape and movement.
|
Unit 2 |
| cilium/cilia | [ /tʃˈɪliːəm / sˈɪliːə/ ] | 纤毛 |
Short, hair-like structures that move fluid or substances across a cell surface or propel the cell.
|
Unit 2 |
| flagellum/flagella | [ /fləˈʤɛləm / fləˈʤɛlə/ ] | 鞭毛 |
Long, whip-like structures that enable cell movement.
|
Unit 2 |
| centrosome | [ /ˈsɛntrəsoʊm/ ] | 中心体 |
The microtubule-organizing center of a cell, important in cell division.
|
Unit 2 |
| centriole | [ /ˈsɛntrioʊl/ ] | 中心粒 |
A cylinder composed of nine triplets of microtubules located in the centrosome of animal cells; involved in organizing the mitotic spindle during cell division.
|
Unit 2 |
| cell wall | [ /sɛl wɔl/ ] | 细胞壁 |
A rigid structure surrounding the plasma membrane in plant, fungal, and some prokaryotic cells, providing support and protection.
|
Unit 2 |
| cellulose | [ /ˈsɛljʊloʊs/ ] | 纤维素 |
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls consisting of straight, unbranched beta-1,4-linked glucose chains bundled into rigid, insoluble microfibrils.
|
Unit 2 |
| plasmodesma/ plasmodesmata | [ /ˌplæzməˈdɛzmə / ˌplæzmədɛzˈmɑːtə/ ] | 胞间连丝 |
Open channels through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells connecting their cytoplasms and enabling intercellular transport and communication.
|
Unit 2 |
| second law of thermodynamic | [ /ˈsɛkənd lɔ əv θˌɜːrmədiːnˈæmɪk/ ] | 热力学第二定律定律 |
Energy transformations increase the entropy （disorder） of the universe, and some energy is always lost as heat.
|
Unit 3 |
| entropy | [ /ˈɛntrəpi/ ] | 熵 |
A thermodynamic measure of the disorder, randomness, or thermal energy unavailable for doing mechanical work in a closed system; tends to increase spontaneously.
|
Unit 3 |
| Gibbs free energy/free | [ /gɪbz fri ˈɛnərʤi / fri/ ] | 自由能 |
The energy in a system available to do work under constant temperature and pressure
|
Unit 3 |
| endergonic reaction | [ /ˌɛndərɡˈɑːnɪk riˈækʃən/ ] | 吸能反应 |
A chemical reaction that requires an input of energy, with products having more energy than reactants.
|
Unit 3 |
| exergonic reaction | [ /ˌɛɡzrˈɔːdʒɪnæk riˈækʃən/ ] | 放能反应 |
A chemical reaction that releases energy, with products having less energy than reactants.
|
Unit 3 |
| energy/G activation energy | [ /ˈɛnərʤi / ʤi ˌæktəˈveɪʃən ˈɛnərʤi/ ] | 活化能 |
The minimum energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
|
Unit 3 |
| enzyme | [ /ˈɛnˌzaɪm/ ] | 酶 |
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
|
Unit 3 |
| substrate | [ /ˈsʌbstreɪt/ ] | 底物 |
The specific reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts and binds at its active site to undergo a catalyzed chemical transformation.
|
Unit 3 |
| active site | [ /ˈæktɪv saɪt/ ] | 活性位点 |
The region of an enzyme where substrates bind and the chemical reaction occurs.
|
Unit 3 |
| optimal temperature | [ /ˈɑptɪməl ˈtɛmpərəʧər/ ] | 最适温度 |
The specific temperature at which an enzyme's catalytic activity is maximal; deviations above this point can cause thermal denaturation.
|
Unit 3 |
| optimal PH | [ /ˈɑptɪməl ˈpiˈeɪʧ/ ] | 最适PH |
The specific pH value at which an enzyme exhibits its maximum reaction velocity; changes in pH alter amino acid ionization at the active site.
|
Unit 3 |
| allosteric site | [ /ˌæləˈstɛrɪk saɪt/ ] | 变构位点 |
A site on an enzyme, separate from the active site, where molecules can bind to regulate enzyme activity.
|
Unit 3 |
| inhibitor | [ /ˌɪnˈhɪbətər/ ] | 抑制剂 |
A substance that reduces or stops the catalytic activity of an enzyme, acting either competitively at the active site or noncompetitively at an allosteric site.
|
Unit 3 |
| competitive inhibition | [ /kəmˈpɛtɪtɪv ˌɪnəˈbɪʃən/ ] | 竞争性抑制 |
Inhibition where a molecule competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of an enzyme.
|
Unit 3 |
| noncompetitive inhibition | [ /ˌnɑnkəmˈpɛtətɪv ˌɪnəˈbɪʃən/ ] | 非竞争性抑制 |
Inhibition where a molecule binds to an allosteric site, reducing enzyme activity without competing with the substrate.
|
Unit 3 |
| coenzyme | [ /koʊˈɛnzaɪm/ ] | 辅酶 |
An organic molecule that assists enzymes in catalyzing reactions, often by transferring electrons or functional groups.
|
Unit 3 |
| adenosine triphosphate/ | [ /əˈdɛnəˌsin trˈɪfəsˌeɪt/ ] | 三磷酸腺苷 |
The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.
|
Unit 3 |
| adenosine diphosphate/ | [ /əˈdɛnəˌsin dˈɪfəsət/ ] | 二磷酸腺苷 |
A lower-energy molecule formed when ATP releases energy by losing a phosphate group.
|
Unit 3 |
| cellular respiration | [ /ˈsɛljələr ˌrɛspərˈeɪʃən/ ] | 细胞呼吸 |
A process that converts glucose into ATP by breaking down organic molecules in the presence of oxygen.
|
Unit 3 |
| ATP clectron carrier | [ /ˈeɪˈtiˈpi klˈɛktrɑːn ˈkɛriər/ ] | 电子载体 |
An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele but does not exhibit the associated phenotype.
|
Unit 3 |
| ADP NAD+/NADH | [ /ˈædpˈiːˈɛf næd / nˈæd/ ] | 烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 |
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier, alternating between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states during metabolism.
|
Unit 3 |
| FAD/FADH2 | [ /fæd / fˈæd/ ] | 黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸 |
Flavin adenine dinucleotide; a redox-active electron carrier that accepts two electrons and two protons to form FADH2 during the citric acid cycle.
|
Unit 3 |
| glycolysis | [ /ɡlaɪˈkɑːləsɪs/ ] | 糖酵解 |
The first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate， yielding ATP and NADH.
|
Unit 3 |
| pyruvate/ | [ /paɪˈruːveɪt/ ] | 丙酮酸 |
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing carbon dioxide.
|
Unit 3 |
| pyruvate oxidation | [ /paɪˈruːveɪt ˌɑksəˈdeɪʃən/ ] | 二核苷酸丙酮酸氧化 |
The process of converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, producing NADH and releasing carbon dioxide.
|
Unit 3 |
| coenzyme A | [ /koʊˈɛnzaɪm ə/ ] | 辅酶A |
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
|
Unit 3 |
| pyruvic acid acetylCoA | [ /pɪrˈuːvɪk ˈæsəd əsˌiːktəlˈɑːfə/ ] | 乙酰辅酶A |
The two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A; forms when pyruvate is oxidized and enters the citric acid cycle by combining with oxaloacetate.
|
Unit 3 |
| citric acid cycle | [ /ˈsɪtrɪk ˈæsəd ˈsaɪkəl/ ] | 柠檬酸循环 |
A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondrial matrix that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose by oxidizing acetyl-CoA to CO2, producing NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
|
Unit 3 |
| Krebs cycle | [ /krɛbz ˈsaɪkəl/ ] | 克雷布斯循环 |
A series of enzymatic reactions that produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2 by oxidizing acetyl-CoA
|
Unit 3 |
| oxidative phosphorylation | [ /ˈɑːksədˌeɪtɪv fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː/ ] | 氧化磷酸化 |
The production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
|
Unit 3 |
| electron transport chain/ETC | [ /ˌɪˈlɛktrɑn ˈtrænspɔrt ʧeɪn / ˌɛtˈsɛtərə/ ] | 电子传递链 |
A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, creating a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.
|
Unit 3 |
| ATPsynthase ATP | [ /ˈætspənsˈaɪts ˈeɪˈtiˈpi/ ] | 合成酶 |
An enzyme that synthesizes ATP by using the energy from a proton gradient across a membrane.
|
Unit 3 |
| chemiosmosis | [ /ˌkɛmiɑːzˈmoʊsɪs/ ] | 化学渗透 |
The movement of protons across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis using ATP synthase.
|
Unit 3 |
| fermentation | [ /ˌfərmənˈteɪʃən/ ] | 发酵 |
An anaerobic process that generates ATP by converting glucose into byproducts like ethanol or lactic acid.
|
Unit 3 |
| alcohol fermentation | [ /ˈælkəˌhɑl ˌfərmənˈteɪʃən/ ] | 酒精发酵 |
A type of fermentation where glucose is converted into ethanol, carbon dioxide， and ATP.
|
Unit 3 |
| ethanol | [ /ˈɛθəˌnɔl/ ] | 酒精 |
A two-carbon alcohol (C2H5OH) produced from pyruvate by yeasts and bacteria during anaerobic alcohol fermentation, regenerating NAD+ from NADH.
|
Unit 3 |
| lactic acid fermentation | [ /ˈlæktɪk ˈæsəd ˌfərmənˈteɪʃən/ ] | 乳酸发酵 |
A type of fermentation where glucose is converted into lactic acid and ATP.
|
Unit 3 |
| photosynthesis | [ /ˌfoʊtoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ] | 光合作用 |
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
|
Unit 3 |
| stoma/stomata | [ /ˈstoʊmə / ˈstoʊmətə/ ] | 气孔 |
Microscopic openings on plant leaf surfaces regulated by guard cells that permit exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen and regulate water vapor loss.
|
Unit 3 |
| light dependent reaction/light reaction | [ /laɪt dɪˈpɛndənt riˈækʃən / laɪt riˈækʃən/ ] | 光反应 |
The first stage of photosynthesis, where light energy is captured to produce ATP and NADPH.
|
Unit 3 |
| chlorophyll | [ /ˈklɔːrəfɪl/ ] | 叶绿素 |
A green photosynthetic pigment embedded in thylakoid membranes that absorbs blue and red wavelengths of light while reflecting green light.
|
Unit 3 |
| photosystem I | [ /ˈfoʊtoʊˌsɪstəm aɪ/ ] | 光系统I |
A light-harvesting protein-pigment complex in the thylakoid membrane with a reaction-center chlorophyll a pair known as P700; transfers electrons to NADP+ reductase.
|
Unit 3 |
| photosystem II | [ /ˈfoʊtoʊˌsɪstəm ˈiː/ ] | 光系统 II |
The light-harvesting complex in thylakoid membranes with P680 chlorophyll a that absorbs photons, splits water (photolysis), and releases O2 to initiate electron transport.
|
Unit 3 |
| light independent reaction | [ /laɪt ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt riˈækʃən/ ] | 暗反应 |
The second phase of photosynthesis occurring in the chloroplast stroma, utilizing ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix CO2 into carbohydrates (G3P).
|
Unit 3 |
| Calvin cycle | [ /ˈkælvɪn ˈsaɪkəl/ ] | 开尔文循环 |
The second stage of photosynthesis, where ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
|
Unit 3 |
| carbon fixation | [ /ˈkɑrbən fɪkˈseɪʃən/ ] | 固碳 |
The initial incorporation of inorganic carbon from CO2 into an organic compound (such as RuBP by the enzyme Rubisco) during the first phase of the Calvin cycle.
|
Unit 3 |
| glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate/G3P | [ /ɡlˈaɪsərˌeɪldˌeɪ- -ˈfɑsfeɪt / ʤi pi/ ] | 甘油醛-3-磷酸 |
A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle and a pivotal metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and glucose synthesis.
|
Unit 3 |
| signal transduction | [ /ˈsɪgnəl trænzdˈʌkʃən/ ] | 信号传导 |
The process by which a cell converts an external signal into a functional response.
|
Unit 4 |
| signaling molecule | [ /ˈsɪgnəlɪŋ ˈmɑləˌkjul/ ] | 信号分子 |
A chemical that conveys information between cells, such as hormones or neurotransmitters.
|
Unit 4 |
| ligand | [ /ˈlɪgənd/ ] | 配体 |
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor to trigger a cellular response.
|
Unit 4 |
| receptor | [ /riˈsɛptər/ ] | 受体 |
A protein that detects signaling molecules and initiates a cellular response.
|
Unit 4 |
| membrane- bound receptor | [ /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn- baʊnd riˈsɛptər/ ] | 膜结合受体 |
A receptor embedded in the cell membrane that interacts with extracellular ligands.
|
Unit 4 |
| ligand binding domain | [ /ˈlɪgənd ˈbaɪndɪŋ doʊˈmeɪn/ ] | 配体结合结构域 |
A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor to trigger a cellular response.
|
Unit 4 |
| membrane binding domain | [ /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn ˈbaɪndɪŋ doʊˈmeɪn/ ] | 膜结合结构域 |
A specialized structural region of an intracellular protein that recognizes and binds specific lipid headgroups or transmembrane receptor tails.
|
Unit 4 |
| intracellular/ cytoplasmic | [ /ɪntrˈɛsəljər / ˌsaɪtəˈplæzmɪk/ ] | 细胞内结 |
The region of the cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, containing organelles and the cytosol.
|
Unit 4 |
| G protein coupled | [ /ʤi ˈproʊˌtin ˈkəpəld/ ] | 蛋白偶联 |
A macromolecule composed of amino acids, essential for various biological functions including enzymes, structure, and signaling.
|
Unit 4 |
| ligand-gated channel | [ /lˈɪɡəntˌeɪdʒd ˈʧænəl/ ] | 构域配体门通道蛋白 |
A protein chanel that opens or closes in response to the binding of a ligand， allowing ions to pass.
|
Unit 4 |
| second messenger | [ /ˈsɛkənd ˈmɛsɪnʤər/ ] | 第二信使 |
A small molecule, such as cAMP or calcium, that relays a signal inside a cell after receptor activation.
|
Unit 4 |
| receptor/GPCR G cyclic AMP/ | [ /riˈsɛptər / sˈiːˈɛkspˈɔːr ʤi ˈsaɪklɪk æmp/ ] | 受体环单磷酸 |
A protein that detects signaling molecules and initiates a cellular response.
|
Unit 4 |
| phosphorylation cascade | [ /fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː kæˈskeɪd/ ] | 蛋白磷酸化级联反应反应 |
A series of protein phosphorylation events that amplify and propagate a cellular signal.
|
Unit 4 |
| phosphorylation | [ /fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː/ ] | 磷酸化 |
The production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
|
Unit 4 |
| CAMP kinase | [ /kæmp kˈɪnəs/ ] | 腺苷激酶 |
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to a substrate.
|
Unit 4 |
| intracellular receptor | [ /ɪntrˈɛsəljər riˈsɛptər/ ] | 细胞内受体 |
A receptor located within the cell that binds to small or hydrophobic signaling molecules.
|
Unit 4 |
| phosphorylation feedback | [ /fˌoʊsfərˈeɪʃənliː ˈfidˌbæk/ ] | 反馈 |
A regulatory mechanism in which the output of a process influences its own activity.
|
Unit 4 |
| negative feedback | [ /ˈnɛgətɪv ˈfidˌbæk/ ] | 负反馈 |
A mechanism that reduces the output of a process to maintain homeostasis.
|
Unit 4 |
| homeostasis | [ /ˌhoʊmioʊˈsteɪsɪs/ ] | 稳态 |
The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite exteral changes.
|
Unit 4 |
| positive feedback | [ /ˈpɑzətɪv ˈfidˌbæk/ ] | 正反馈 |
A mechanism that amplifies the output of a process, driving it further in the same direction.
|
Unit 4 |
| mitosis | [ /maɪˈtoʊsɪs/ ] | 有丝分裂 |
A process of nuclear division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
|
Unit 4 |
| parent cell/parental cell | [ /ˈpɛrənt sɛl / pərˈɛntəl sɛl/ ] | 母细胞 |
The original cell that undergoes replication of its genetic material and division (by mitosis or meiosis) to produce daughter cells.
|
Unit 4 |
| daughter cell | [ /ˈdɔtər sɛl/ ] | 子细胞 |
A cell formed by the division of a parental cell; genetically identical following mitosis, or genetically unique and haploid following meiosis.
|
Unit 4 |
| asexual reproduction | [ /eɪˈsɛksjuəl ˌriprəˈdəkʃən/ ] | 无性繁殖 |
The production of offspring without the involvement of gametes or genetic recombination.
|
Unit 4 |
| cell cycle | [ /sɛl ˈsaɪkəl/ ] | 细胞周期 |
The sequence of events in the life of a cell, including growth, DNA replication, and division.
|
Unit 4 |
| interphase | [ /ˈɪntərfˌeɪs/ ] | 分裂间期 |
The preparatory period in the eukaryotic cell cycle between successive mitotic divisions, encompassing G1, S, and G2 phases, where cell growth and DNA replication occur.
|
Unit 4 |
| mitotic phase/M phase | [ /ˌmaɪˈtɔtɪk feɪz / ɛm feɪz/ ] | 分裂期 |
The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), partitioning replicated chromosomes into two daughter cells.
|
Unit 4 |
| G1 stage (G1 phase) | [ /ʤi steɪʤ/ ] | G1期 (DNA合成前期) |
The first growth phase of interphase before DNA synthesis, where the cell synthesizes proteins and increases in size.
|
Unit 4 |
| G2 stage (G2 phase) | [ /ʤi steɪʤ/ ] | G2期 (DNA合成后期) |
The second growth phase of interphase following DNA synthesis, preparing the cell for mitotic chromosome division.
|
Unit 4 |
| S stage (S phase) | [ /ɛs steɪʤ/ ] | S期 (DNA合成期) |
The synthesis subphase of interphase in the cell cycle during which the cell replicates its genomic DNA and duplicates centrosomes.
|
Unit 4 |
| chromosome | [ /ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ ] | 染色体 |
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
|
Unit 4 |
| chromatin | [ /ˈkroʊmətɪn/ ] | 染色质 |
The complex of DNA and proteins in a loose form that forms chromosomes within the nucleus.
|
Unit 4 |
| chromatid | [ /ˈkroʊmətɪd/ ] | 染色单体 |
One of the two identical copies of DNA in a duplicated chromosome.
|
Unit 4 |
| sister chromatid | [ /ˈsɪstər ˈkroʊmətɪd/ ] | 姐妹染色单体 |
Two identical chromatids connected at a centromere, resulting from DNA replication.
|
Unit 4 |
| centromere | [ /ˈsɛntrəmiːr/ ] | 着丝粒 |
The constricted, specialized DNA region of a duplicated chromosome where sister chromatids are held closest together and where the kinetochore forms.
|
Unit 4 |
| prophase | [ /prˈɑːfəs/ ] | 前期 |
The first stage of mitosis, during which chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, nucleoli disappear, and the mitotic spindle begins to assemble.
|
Unit 4 |
| metaphase | [ /mˈɛtəfˌeɪz/ ] | 单体中期 |
The stage of mitosis in which all duplicated chromosomes are aligned along the spindle equator (metaphase plate) midway between spindle poles.
|
Unit 4 |
| anaphase | [ /ˈænəfˌeɪz/ ] | 后期 |
The stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids separate at their centromeres and are pulled by kinetochore microtubules toward opposite spindle poles.
|
Unit 4 |
| telophase | [ /tˈɛləfˌeɪz/ ] | 末期 |
The final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei form at the poles, nuclear envelopes reassemble, nucleoli reappear, and chromosomes begin to decondense.
|
Unit 4 |
| spindle fber/ microtubule | [ /ˈspɪndəl bˈɛr / ˈmaɪˌkroʊˈtubjul/ ] | 纺锤丝 |
A cylinder-shaped component of the cytoskeleton involved in maintaining cell shape, transport, and division.
|
Unit 4 |
| kinetochore | [ /kɪˈnɛtəkɔːr/ ] | 动粒 |
A specialized disc-shaped multiprotein structure attached to the centromere of each sister chromatid that links chromatids to mitotic spindle microtubules.
|
Unit 4 |
| metaphase plate | [ /mˈɛtəfˌeɪz pleɪt/ ] | 中期板 |
An imaginary plane perpendicular to the spindle axis halfway between the two poles of a dividing cell along which chromosomes align during metaphase.
|
Unit 4 |
| equator / equatorial plate | [ /ɪkˈweɪtər / ˌikwəˈtɔriəl pleɪt/ ] | 赤道板 |
An imaginary plane perpendicular to the spindle axis halfway between spindle poles where duplicated chromosomes align during metaphase.
|
Unit 4 |
| cytokinesis | [ /sˌaɪtəkˈiːnsənz/ ] | 胞质分裂 |
The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis.
|
Unit 4 |
| cell plate | [ /sɛl pleɪt/ ] | 细胞板 |
A structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis to divide the cell into two.
|
Unit 4 |
| cyclin | [ /sˈɪklɪn/ ] | 周期蛋白 |
A protein that regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases （CDKs）.
|
Unit 4 |
| cyclin dependent kinase/CDK | [ /sˈɪklɪn dɪˈpɛndənt kˈɪnəs / sˈiːdkiː/ ] | 周期蛋白依赖蛋白 |
An enzyme that drives cell cycle progression when activated by cyclins.
|
Unit 4 |
| checkpoint | [ /ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt/ ] | 检查位点 |
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
|
Unit 4 |
| Gl checkpoint G1 | [ /ɡlˈeɪ ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt ʤi/ ] | 检查位点 |
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
|
Unit 4 |
| G2 checkpoint G2 | [ /ʤi ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt ʤi/ ] | 检查位点 |
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
|
Unit 4 |
| M checkpoint M | [ /ɛm ˈʧɛkˌpɔɪnt ɛm/ ] | 检查位点 |
A control point in the cell cycle where progression is halted until conditions are met.
|
Unit 4 |
| G0 phase (G0 stage) | [ /ʤi feɪz/ ] | G0期 (休眠期) |
A non-dividing, quiescent cell state where cells exit the cell cycle and perform specialized metabolic functions.
|
Unit 4 |
| cancer | [ /ˈkænsər/ ] | 癌症 |
A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division due to failures in cell cycle regulation.
|
Unit 4 |
| haploid/n | [ /ˈhæplɔɪd / ɛn/ ] | 单倍体 |
A cell containing one complete set of chromosomes, typical of gametes.
|
Unit 5 |
| diploid/2n | [ /ˈdɪplɔɪd / ɛn/ ] | 二倍体 |
A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
|
Unit 5 |
| homologous chromosome | [ /hɑˈmɑləgəs ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ ] | 同源染色体 |
A pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that are similar in shape, size, and gene content.
|
Unit 5 |
| autosome | [ /ˈɔːtoʊsˌoʊm/ ] | 常染色体 |
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
|
Unit 5 |
| sex chromosome | [ /sɛks ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm/ ] | 性染色体 |
A chromosome involved in determining the sex of an organism, such as X and Y in humans.
|
Unit 5 |
| sexual reproduction | [ /ˈsɛkʃuəl ˌriprəˈdəkʃən/ ] | 有性繁殖 |
A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of gametes from two parents, resulting in offspring with genetic diversity.
|
Unit 5 |
| gamete | [ /ˈɡæmiːt/ ] | 配子 |
A mature haploid male or female reproductive cell (sperm or egg) capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
|
Unit 5 |
| sperm | [ /spərm/ ] | 精子 |
The small, motile male gamete produced through spermatogenesis, delivering paternal genetic material to the ovum during fertilization.
|
Unit 5 |
| egg | [ /ɛg/ ] | 卵子 |
The non-motile, nutrient-rich female haploid gamete that fuses with a sperm during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
|
Unit 5 |
| fertilization | [ /ˌfərtəlɪˈzeɪʃən/ ] | 受精作用 |
The fusion of an egg and sperm cell to form a zygote.
|
Unit 5 |
| zygote | [ /ˈzaɪɡoʊt/ ] | 合子 |
An individual with two identical alleles for a specific gene.
|
Unit 5 |
| meiosis | [ /maɪˈoʊsɪs/ ] | 减数分裂 |
A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
|
Unit 5 |
| meiosisI | [ /mˌiːoʊsˈiːsiː/ ] | 减数第一次分裂 |
A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
|
Unit 5 |
| meiosis II | [ /maɪˈoʊsɪs ˈiː/ ] | 减数第二次 |
A type of cell division that reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.
|
Unit 5 |
| crossing over | [ /ˈkrɔsɪŋ ˈoʊvər/ ] | 交叉互换 |
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.
|
Unit 5 |
| random assortment of | [ /ˈrændəm əˈsɔrtmənt əv/ ] | 分裂染色体的随机排列 |
The independent segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, contributing to genetic variation.
|
Unit 5 |
| genetic variation | [ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən/ ] | 分裂基因多样性 |
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population.
|
Unit 5 |
| Mendelian | [ /mɛndˈɛljən/ ] | 孟德尔遗 |
A controlled breeding experiment designed to analyze inheritance patterns of alleles according to Mendel's laws.
|
Unit 5 |
| chromosomes true breeding | [ /ˈkroʊməˌzoʊmz tru ˈbridɪŋ/ ] | 机排列纯种 |
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
|
Unit 5 |
| Mendelian cross | [ /mɛndˈɛljən krɔs/ ] | 孟德尔杂交 |
A controlled breeding experiment designed to analyze inheritance patterns of alleles according to Mendel's laws.
|
Unit 5 |
| genetic trait | [ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk treɪt/ ] | 遗传性状 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 5 |
| character | [ /ˈkɛrɪktər/ ] | 特性 |
A heritable feature that varies among individuals in a population, such as flower color or eye color.
|
Unit 5 |
| monohybrid cross | [ /mənˈɑːfɪbriːd krɔs/ ] | 单因子杂交 |
A genetic cross between two individuals focusing on a single trait.
|
Unit 5 |
| P generation (parental generation) | [ /pi ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən/ ] | 亲代 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 5 |
| F1 generation | [ /ɛf ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən/ ] | 子一代 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 5 |
| F2 generation | [ /ɛf ˌʤɛnərˈeɪʃən/ ] | 子二代 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 5 |
| Punnett square | [ /pˈʌnɪt skwɛr/ ] | 庞氏表格 |
A visual checkerboard diagram used in genetics to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios resulting from a particular cross.
|
Unit 5 |
| complete dominance | [ /kəmˈplit ˈdɑmənəns/ ] | 完全显性 |
A pattern of inheritance in which one allele completely masks the effect of another allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| dominant | [ /ˈdɑmənənt/ ] | 显性的 |
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a different allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| recessive | [ /rəˈsɛsɪv/ ] | 隐性的 |
An allele whose phenotype is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| monohybrid test cross | | [ /mənˈɑːfɪbriːd tɛst krɔs/ ] | 单因子测交 |
A cross between an individual showing the dominant phenotype (of unknown genotype) and a homozygous recessive individual for a single trait.
|
Unit 5 |
| law of segregation | [ /lɔ əv ˌsɛgrəˈgeɪʃən/ ] | 分离定律 |
Mendel's principle stating that two alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation.
|
Unit 5 |
| phenotype | [ /ˈfiːnətaɪp/ ] | 表型 |
The observable physical or physiological traits of an organism.
|
Unit 5 |
| genotype | [ /ˈdʒiːnətaɪp/ ] | 基因型 |
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by its alleles.
|
Unit 5 |
| homozygote/ homozygous | [ /ˌhoʊmoʊˈzaɪgoʊt / ˌhoʊməˈzaɪɡəs/ ] | 纯合子 |
An individual with two identical alleles for a specific gene.
|
Unit 5 |
| heterozygote/ heterozygous | [ /hˌɛtərəsˈaɪtədʒ / ˌhɛtərəˈzaɪɡəs/ ] | 杂合子 |
An individual with two different alleles for a specific gene.
|
Unit 5 |
| allele | [ /əˈliːl/ ] | 等位基因 |
A variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome.
|
Unit 5 |
| locus/loci | [ /ˈloʊkəs / ˈloʊki/ ] | 位点 |
The specific physical location or position of a gene on a chromosome.
|
Unit 5 |
| dihybrid cross | [ /dˈaɪəbrˌɪdə krɔs/ ] | 双因子杂交 |
A genetic cross between two individuals focusing on two traits.
|
Unit 5 |
| dihybrid test cross | [ /dˈaɪəbrˌɪdə tɛst krɔs/ ] | 双因子测交 |
A cross between an individual heterozygous for two distinct genes (AaBb) and a homozygous double recessive individual (aabb) to test for genetic linkage.
|
Unit 5 |
| law of independent assortment | [ /lɔ əv ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt əˈsɔrtmənt/ ] | 自由组合定律 |
Mendel's principle stating that genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
|
Unit 5 |
| addition rule | [ /əˈdɪʃən rul/ ] | 加法定律 |
A probability rule stating that the probability of occurrence of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events is calculated by adding their individual probabilities.
|
Unit 5 |
| multiplication rule | [ /ˌməltəpləˈkeɪʃən rul/ ] | 乘法定律 |
A probability rule stating that the joint probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities.
|
Unit 5 |
| non-Mendelian genetics | [ /nˌɑːnmɛndˈɛliːən ʤəˈnɛtɪks/ ] | 非孟德尔遗传学 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 5 |
| incomplete dominance | [ /ˌɪnkəmˈplit ˈdɑmənəns/ ] | 不完全显性 |
A pattern of inheritance where the phenotype of heterozygotes is an intermediate blend of both alleles.
|
Unit 5 |
| codominance | [ /koʊˈdɑːmɪnəns/ ] | 共显性 |
A pattern of inheritance where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.
|
Unit 5 |
| multiple alleles | [ /ˈməltəpəl əˈliːlz/ ] | 多等位基因 |
More than two forms of a gene that can occupy a single locus.
|
Unit 5 |
| pleiotropic/ pleiotropy | [ /pˌaɪliːˈɑːptrɪk / plaɪˈɑːtrəpi/ ] | 基因的多效性 |
A single gene affecting multiple traits in an organism.
|
Unit 5 |
| epistatic/epistasis | [ /ˌɛpɪˈstætɪk / ɛˈpɪstəsɪs/ ] | 基因上位性 |
A genetic interaction where one gene masks or modifies the effect of another gene.
|
Unit 5 |
| polygenetic inheritance | [ /pˌɑːliːɡˈɛtɪnɪk ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns/ ] | 多基因遗传 |
A trait influenced by multiple genes, often showing continuous variation.
|
Unit 5 |
| non-nuclear inheritance | [ /ˈnɑˈnuˌkliər ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns/ ] | 非核基因遗传 |
Inheritance of genetic material not found in the nucleus, such as mitochondrial DNA.
|
Unit 5 |
| sex-linked trait | [ /sˈɛkslˌaɪknd treɪt/ ] | 伴性性状 |
A phenotypic trait governed by a gene situated on a sex chromosome (usually X), showing distinct sex-biased inheritance patterns.
|
Unit 5 |
| sex-linked gene | [ /sˈɛkslˌaɪknd ʤin/ ] | 伴性基因 |
A gene located on a sex chromosome, often showing different patterns of inheritance in males and females.
|
Unit 5 |
| X chromosome X | [ /ɛks ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm ɛks/ ] | 染色体 |
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
|
Unit 5 |
| Y chromosome Y | [ /waɪ ˈkroʊməˌzoʊm waɪ/ ] | 染色体 |
A structure made of DNA and proteins in a compact form that carries genetic information in cells.
|
Unit 5 |
| linked genes | [ /lɪŋkt ʤinz/ ] | 连锁基因 |
Genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.
|
Unit 5 |
| parental phenotype | [ /pərˈɛntəl ˈfiːnətaɪp/ ] | 亲代性状 |
The observable physical or physiological traits of an organism.
|
Unit 5 |
| recombinant | [ /rɪˈkɑmbɪnənt/ ] | 重组性状 |
An offspring phenotype that exhibits a novel combination of traits differing from both parents, generated by meiotic crossing over or independent assortment.
|
Unit 5 |
| linkage map | [ /ˈlɪŋkɪʤ mæp/ ] | 连锁图 |
A genetic map depicting the relative locations of genes along a chromosome based on the frequency of meiotic crossing over (recombination frequency).
|
Unit 5 |
| pedigree | [ /ˈpɛdəgri/ ] | 家族遗传 |
A chart representing family relationships and inheritance patterns of traits.
|
Unit 5 |
| phenotype autosomal dominant | [ /ˈfiːnətaɪp ˌɔːtəsˈoʊməl ˈdɑmənənt/ ] | 常染色体显性 |
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a different allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| autosomal trait | [ /ˌɔːtəsˈoʊməl treɪt/ ] | 常染色体遗传性状 |
A phenotypic trait determined by an allele on a non-sex chromosome (autosome), exhibiting identical transmission frequencies in males and females.
|
Unit 5 |
| X-linked dominant trait | [ /zˈɪlksɪnkəd ˈdɑmənənt treɪt/ ] | X连锁显性遗传 |
An allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a different allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| trait X-linked recessive X | [ /treɪt zˈɪlksɪnkəd rəˈsɛsɪv ɛks/ ] | 显性连锁隐性遗传 |
An allele whose phenotype is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| recessive trait Y-linked trait Y | [ /rəˈsɛsɪv treɪt jˈɪlŋktɪd treɪt waɪ/ ] | 隐性连锁遗传 |
An allele whose phenotype is masked in the presence of a dominant allele.
|
Unit 5 |
| maternal inheritance | [ /məˈtərnəl ˌɪnˈhɛrətəns/ ] | 母系遗传 |
The transmission of genetic material exclusively from the mother, often via mitochondria.
|
Unit 5 |
| trait carrier | [ /treɪt ˈkɛriər/ ] | 遗传携带者 |
An individual who has one copy of a recessive allele but does not exhibit the associated phenotype.
|
Unit 5 |
| transformation experiment | [ /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/ ] | 转化实验 |
The uptake of foreign DNA by a cell from its surroundings.
|
Unit 6 |
| transforming principle | [ /trænsˈfɔrmɪŋ ˈprɪnsəpəl/ ] | 转化因子 |
The early biochemical term for the substance (identified by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty as DNA) responsible for transferring genetic information between bacterial strains in Griffith's experiment.
|
Unit 6 |
| bacteriophage/ phage | [ /bæktˌɪrjˈuːdʒˌæf / feɪʤ/ ] | 噬菌体 |
A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
|
Unit 6 |
| DNA replication DNA | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˌrɛplɪˈkeɪʃən ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 复制 |
The process of copying a DNA molecule to produce two identical DNA strands.
|
Unit 6 |
| semiconservative model | [ /sˌɛmiːkənsərpˈæʃɪv ˈmɑdəl/ ] | 半保留复制模型 |
A model of DNA replication in which each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
|
Unit 6 |
| template strand/ parental strand | [ /ˈtɛmplət strænd / pərˈɛntəl strænd/ ] | 模板链/母链 |
The specific strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule that serves as the guide for the synthesis of a complementary RNA during transcription or a new DNA strand during replication.
|
Unit 6 |
| new strand / daughter strand | [ /nu strænd / ˈdɔtər strænd/ ] | 新链/子链 |
The newly synthesized DNA strand formed during replication that is complementary to the parental template strand.
|
Unit 6 |
| origin of replication | [ /ˈɔrəʤən əv ˌrɛplɪˈkeɪʃən/ ] | 复制起点 |
A specific nucleotide sequence along a chromosome where DNA replication begins and replication bubbles open.
|
Unit 6 |
| replication fork | [ /ˌrɛplɪˈkeɪʃən fɔrk/ ] | 复制叉 |
A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental double helix is unwound and new strands are continuously and discontinuously synthesized.
|
Unit 6 |
| helicase | [ /ˈhɛlɪkeɪs/ ] | 解旋酶 |
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
|
Unit 6 |
| topoisomerase | [ /ˌtoʊpoʊaɪˈsɑːməreɪs/ ] | 拓扑异构酶 |
An enzyme that prevents the overwinding or tangling of DNA during replication by cutting and rejoining DNA strands.
|
Unit 6 |
| primase | [ /priːmˈɑːsiː/ ] | 引物酶 |
An RNA polymerase enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers (approx. 5-10 nucleotides) providing a 3'-OH group required for DNA polymerase initiation.
|
Unit 6 |
| primer | [ /ˈpraɪmər/ ] | 引物 |
A short RNA sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis.
|
Unit 6 |
| DNA polymerase DNA | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ pəˈlɪməreɪs ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 聚合酶 |
A large molecule composed of repeating monomeric units linked by covalent bonds.
|
Unit 6 |
| leading strand | [ /ˈlidɪŋ strænd/ ] | 先导链 |
The DNA strand synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction during replication.
|
Unit 6 |
| lagging strand | [ /ˈlægɪŋ strænd/ ] | 滞后链 |
The DNA strand synthesized discontinuously in short fragments, called Okazaki fragments, during replication.
|
Unit 6 |
| Okazaki | [ /ˌoʊkəˈzɑːki/ ] | 冈崎片段 |
A series of short, discontinuously synthesized DNA segments on the lagging strand during DNA replication, subsequently joined by DNA ligase.
|
Unit 6 |
| DNA ligase DNA | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˈlaɪɡeɪs ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 连接酶 |
An enzyme that joins DNA fragments by forming phosphodiester bonds.
|
Unit 6 |
| naked DNA | [ /ˈneɪkəd ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 裸露的（没有蛋白质包装的）DNA |
DNA that is not packaged or wrapped around histone proteins, characteristic of prokaryotes, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.
|
Unit 6 |
| histone | [ /hˈɪstoʊn/ ] | 组蛋白 |
The addition of acetyl groups to histones, loosening chromatin structure and promoting gene expression.
|
Unit 6 |
| plasmid | [ /ˈplæzmɪd/ ] | 质粒 |
A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria, often used in genetic engineering.
|
Unit 6 |
| gene | [ /ʤin/ ] | 基因 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 6 |
| gene expression | [ /ʤin ɪkˈsprɛʃən/ ] | 基因表达 |
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize RNA and proteins.
|
Unit 6 |
| central dogma | [ /ˈsɛntrəl ˈdɑgmə/ ] | 中心法则 |
The concept that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
|
Unit 6 |
| transcription | [ /ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ] | 转录 |
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
|
Unit 6 |
| translation | [ /trænzˈleɪʃən/ ] | 翻译 |
The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template.
|
Unit 6 |
| promoter | [ /prəˈmoʊtər/ ] | 启动子 |
A DNA sequence that signals the start of transcription and is recognized by RNA polymerase.
|
Unit 6 |
| RNA polymerase RNA | [ /rˈeɪn pəˈlɪməreɪs rˈeɪn/ ] | 聚合酶 |
A large molecule composed of repeating monomeric units linked by covalent bonds.
|
Unit 6 |
| transcription factor | [ /ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən ˈfæktər/ ] | 转录因子 |
A protein that binds to DNA and regulates the transcription of genes.
|
Unit 6 |
| non-template strand | [ /nˈɔːntmpˌɔːltˌeɪ strænd/ ] | 非模板链 |
The strand of DNA that is not transcribed into RNA; possesses the identical base sequence to the resulting mRNA transcript (with T instead of U), also called coding strand.
|
Unit 6 |
| coding strand | [ /ˈkoʊdɪŋ strænd/ ] | 编码链 |
The DNA strand whose base sequence corresponds directly to the codon sequence of the mRNA transcript produced (with thymine in place of uracil).
|
Unit 6 |
| template strand | [ /ˈtɛmplət strænd/ ] | 模板链 |
The specific strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule that serves as the guide for the synthesis of a complementary RNA during transcription or a new DNA strand during replication.
|
Unit 6 |
| non-coding strand | [ /nˈɑːndˈoʊkɪŋ strænd/ ] | 非编码链 |
Alternative term for the template strand of DNA; serves as the template read by RNA polymerase in the 3' to 5' direction during transcription.
|
Unit 6 |
| messenger RNA/m RNA | [ /ˈmɛsɪnʤər rˈeɪn / ɛm rˈeɪn/ ] | 信使 |
RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
|
Unit 6 |
| pre-mRNA | [ /prˈɛmnrə/ ] | 信使RNA |
The initial RNA transcript produced during transcription, which requires processing before becoming mature mRNA
|
Unit 6 |
| RNA processing RNA | [ /rˈeɪn ˈprɑsɛsɪŋ rˈeɪn/ ] | 加工 |
The modification of pre-mRNA, including splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tail, to produce mature mRNA.
|
Unit 6 |
| 5'cap/GTP cap 5' RNA | [ /'kæp / tˈeɪptˈiː kæp rˈeɪn/ ] | 帽子/GTP帽子 |
A specially altered guanine nucleotide (7-methylguanosine) added to the 5' end of eukaryotic pre-mRNA to prevent nucleolytic degradation and assist ribosome binding.
|
Unit 6 |
| poly-A tail | [ /pˈoʊliːə teɪl/ ] | 前体多聚腺苷 |
A stretch of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides added enzymatically to the 3' end of pre-mRNA during eukaryotic mRNA processing to enhance stability and nuclear export.
|
Unit 6 |
| RNAsplicing RNA | [ /snˈæpslˌaɪɪŋ rˈeɪn/ ] | 剪接 |
The removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA
|
Unit 6 |
| intron | [ /ˈɪntrɑːn/ ] | 帽子内含子 |
A non-coding sequence of RNA that is removed during RNA splicing.
|
Unit 6 |
| exon | [ /ˈɛksɑːn/ ] | 酸尾外显子 |
A coding sequence of RNA that remains in mature mRNA after splicing
|
Unit 6 |
| alternative RNA splicing RNA | [ /ɔlˈtərnətɪv rˈeɪn ˈsplaɪsɪŋ rˈeɪn/ ] | 选择性剪接 |
The removal of introns and joining of exons in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA
|
Unit 6 |
| codon | [ /kˈoʊdən/ ] | 密码子 |
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation.
|
Unit 6 |
| genetic code | [ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk koʊd/ ] | 遗传密码 |
The set of rules by which nucleotide sequences in mRNA are translated into amino acids.
|
Unit 6 |
| start codon | [ /stɑrt kˈoʊdən/ ] | 起始密码子 |
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation.
|
Unit 6 |
| stop codon | [ /stɑp kˈoʊdən/ ] | 终止密码子 |
A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or stop signal during translation.
|
Unit 6 |
| transfer RNA/ tRNA | [ /ˈtrænsfər rˈeɪn / trˈiːn/ ] | 转运RNA |
RNA that carries amino acids to ribosomes and matches them to codons in mRNA during translation.
|
Unit 6 |
| anticodon | [ /ˌæntiːkˈɑːdən/ ] | 反密码子 |
A three-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA.
|
Unit 6 |
| virus | [ /ˈvaɪrəs/ ] | 病毒 |
A small infectious agent composed of genetic material and a protein coat, capable of replicating only inside a host cell.
|
Unit 6 |
| DNA virus DNA | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˈvaɪrəs ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 病毒 |
A small infectious agent composed of genetic material and a protein coat, capable of replicating only inside a host cell.
|
Unit 6 |
| RNA virus RNA | [ /rˈeɪn ˈvaɪrəs rˈeɪn/ ] | 病毒 |
A small infectious agent composed of genetic material and a protein coat, capable of replicating only inside a host cell.
|
Unit 6 |
| capsid | [ /kˈæpst/ ] | 衣壳/病毒蛋白质外壳 |
The protective external protein shell of a virus that encloses and shields its viral genetic material (DNA or RNA) from degradation.
|
Unit 6 |
| retrovirus | [ /ˌrɛtroʊˈvaɪrəs/ ] | 逆转录病毒 |
A virus that uses reverse transcription to convert its RNA genome into DNA.
|
Unit 6 |
| reverse transcription | [ /rɪˈvərs ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ] | 逆转录 |
The process of synthesizing DNA from an RNA template.
|
Unit 6 |
| reverse transcriptase | [ /rɪˈvərs trænskrˈɪpstˌeɪts/ ] | 蛋白质外壳逆转录酶 |
An enzyme used by retroviruses to carry out reverse transcription.
|
Unit 6 |
| gene regulation | [ /ʤin ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 基因表达调控 |
The control of gene expression, ensuring that genes are expressed at the right times and levels.
|
Unit 6 |
| regulatory sequence | [ /ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri ˈsikwəns/ ] | 调控序列 |
A DNA sequence that influences gene expression by serving as a binding site for regulatory proteins.
|
Unit 6 |
| differentiate/ differentiation | [ /ˌdɪfərˈɛnʧiˌeɪt / ˌdɪfərˌɛnʧiˈeɪʃən/ ] | 分化 |
The process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
|
Unit 6 |
| operon | [ /ˈɑːpərɑːn/ ] | 操纵子 |
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, typically found in prokaryotes.
|
Unit 6 |
| trp operon | [ /trˈɛptər ˈɑːpərɑːn/ ] | 色氨酸操纵子 |
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, typically found in prokaryotes.
|
Unit 6 |
| lac operon | [ /læk ˈɑːpərɑːn/ ] | 乳糖操纵子 |
A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, typically found in prokaryotes.
|
Unit 6 |
| operator | [ /ˈɑpərˌeɪtər/ ] | 操纵序列 |
A regulatory DNA sequence in a prokaryotic operon located within or near the promoter where an active repressor protein binds to block RNA polymerase transcription.
|
Unit 6 |
| regulatory gene | [ /ˈrɛgjələˌtɔri ʤin/ ] | 调控基因 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 6 |
| repressor | [ /rɪprˈɛsər/ ] | 阻遏蛋白 |
A protein that inhibits transcription by binding to a regulatory sequence.
|
Unit 6 |
| histone acetylation | [ /hˈɪstoʊn ˌeɪsətəlˈeɪʃən/ ] | 组蛋白乙酰基化 |
The addition of acetyl groups to histones, loosening chromatin structure and promoting gene expression.
|
Unit 6 |
| DNA methylation DNA | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ mˌɛθliːˈeɪtənəl ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 甲基化 |
The addition of methyl groups to DNA, typically suppressing gene expression.
|
Unit 6 |
| enhancer | [ /ɛnˈhænsər/ ] | 加强子 |
A DNA sequence that increases the transcription of a gene when bound by activators.
|
Unit 6 |
| general transcription | [ /ˈʤɛnərəl ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ] | 通用转录因子 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
|
Unit 6 |
| specifc transcription | [ /spˈɛsɪkf ˌtrænˈskrɪpʃən/ ] | 特定转录因子 |
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
|
Unit 6 |
| activator | [ /ˈæktəˌveɪtər/ ] | 活化剂 |
A protein that increases gene expression by binding to regulatory sequences.
|
Unit 6 |
| factor mutation | [ /ˈfæktər mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 变异 |
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
|
Unit 6 |
| factor point mutation | [ /ˈfæktər pɔɪnt mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 点突变 |
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
|
Unit 6 |
| substitution | [ /ˌsəbstɪˈtuʃən/ ] | 替换突变 |
A point mutation in DNA in which one nucleotide and its complementary partner are replaced with another pair of nucleotides.
|
Unit 6 |
| silent mutation | [ /ˈsaɪlənt mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 沉默突变 |
A mutation that does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein.
|
Unit 6 |
| missense mutation | [ /mɪsˈɛns mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 错义突变 |
A mutation that results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein.
|
Unit 6 |
| nonsense mutation | [ /ˈnɑnsɛns mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 无义突变 |
A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, terminating protein synthesis.
|
Unit 6 |
| insertion | [ /ˌɪnˈsərʃən/ ] | 插入 |
The addition of one or more nucleotides to a DNA sequence.
|
Unit 6 |
| deletion | [ /dɪˈliʃən/ ] | 删除 |
The removal of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence.
|
Unit 6 |
| frameshift mutation | [ /frˈeɪmʃˌɪft mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 移码突变 |
A mutation caused by insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame of a gene.
|
Unit 6 |
| sickle cell anemia / sickle cell disease | [ /ˈsɪkəl sɛl əˈnimiə / ˈsɪkəl sɛl dɪˈziz/ ] | 镰刀贫血症 |
A severe hereditary hemoglobin disorder caused by a single missense mutation in the beta-globin gene, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells that block capillaries.
|
Unit 6 |
| duplication | [ /ˌdjupləˈkeɪʃən/ ] | 重复 |
A chromosomal mutation or DNA sequence alteration in which an entire segment of genetic material is replicated, producing tandem redundant copies.
|
Unit 6 |
| inversion | [ /ˌɪnˈvərʒən/ ] | 倒位 |
A chromosomal structural alteration in which a segment breaks off, reverses its orientation by 180 degrees, and reattaches to the same chromosome.
|
Unit 6 |
| cell discase translocation | [ /sɛl dɪskˈeɪs trˌænzlɑːkˈeɪʃən/ ] | 易位 |
A chromosomal mutation involving the breakage and attachment of a chromosome segment to an entirely non-homologous chromosome.
|
Unit 6 |
| nondisjunction | [ /ˌnɑːndɪsˈdʒʌŋkʃən/ ] | 不分离 |
The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.
|
Unit 6 |
| Down syndrome / Trisomy 21 | [ /daʊn ˈsɪnˌdroʊm / trˈɪsəmiː/ ] | 唐氏综合症 / 21三体综合症 |
A human chromosomal condition caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome (aneuploidy via nondisjunction), leading to developmental and intellectual variations.
|
Unit 6 |
| polyploidy | [ /ˈpɑːliˌplɔɪdi/ ] | 多倍体 |
A condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
|
Unit 6 |
| triploidy | [ /trˈɪplˌɔɪd/ ] | 三倍体 |
A chromosomal condition in which an organism possesses three complete sets of chromosomes (3n), resulting in reproductive sterility in animals.
|
Unit 6 |
| tetraploidy | [ /tˌɛtrəpˈɑːldiː/ ] | 四倍体 |
A polyploid condition in which an organism possesses four complete sets of chromosomes (4n), common in angiosperm plants and contributing to speciation.
|
Unit 6 |
| spontaneous mutation | [ /spɑnˈteɪniəs mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 自发突变 |
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
|
Unit 6 |
| induced mutation | [ /ˌɪnˈdust mjuˈteɪʃən/ ] | 诱导突变 |
A change in the DNA sequence that can affect genetic information.
|
Unit 6 |
| mutagen | [ /mˈjutəʤɛn/ ] | 诱变剂 |
An agent that induces genetic mutations.
|
Unit 6 |
| horizontal/lateral gene transfer | [ /ˌhɔrəˈzɑntəl / ˈlætərəl ʤin ˈtrænsfər/ ] | 水平基因转移 |
The transfer of genetic material between organisms without reproduction.
|
Unit 6 |
| transformation | [ /ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃən/ ] | 转化 |
The uptake of foreign DNA by a cell from its surroundings.
|
Unit 6 |
| transduction | [ /trænzdˈʌkʃən/ ] | 转染 |
The transfer of genetic material between cells via a virus.
|
Unit 6 |
| conjugation | [ /ˌkɑnʤəˈgeɪʃən/ ] | 接合 |
The direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through physical contact.
|
Unit 6 |
| transposition | [ /trˌænspəzˈɪʃən/ ] | 转位 |
The movement of DNA segments within a genome.
|
Unit 6 |
| viral reassortment | [ /ˈvaɪrəl rˌiːəsˈɜːrmənt/ ] | 病毒重组 |
The exchange of genetic material between viruses infecting the same host, creating new viral strains.
|
Unit 6 |
| biotechnology | [ /ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑləʤi/ ] | 生物技术 |
The technological exploitation and manipulation of biological systems, living organisms, or genetic material to develop useful products and medical therapies.
|
Unit 6 |
| polymerase chain reaction/PCR | [ /pəˈlɪməreɪs ʧeɪn riˈækʃən / kˈɜːrpiː/ ] | 链式聚合酶反应 |
A technique for amplifying DNA sequences in vitro.
|
Unit 6 |
| denaturation | [ /dɪnˈækjətrˈeɪʃən/ ] | 变性 |
The process where a protein loses its structure and function due to external factors like heat or pH changes.
|
Unit 6 |
| annealing | [ /əˈnilɪŋ/ ] | 退火 |
The phase in PCR (polymerase chain reaction) where the reaction temperature is lowered to allow short oligonucleotide primers to hybridize to target DNA strands.
|
Unit 6 |
| extension | [ /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ ] | 延伸 |
The final stage of a PCR cycle in which Taq DNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary DNA strand by adding dNTPs to the 3' ends of primers at around 72°C.
|
Unit 6 |
| gel electrophoresis | [ /ʤɛl ˌɪˌlɛktroʊfɔˈrɪsɪs/ ] | 凝胶电泳 |
A method for separating DNA fragments based on size using an electric field.
|
Unit 6 |
| DNA sequencing DNA | [ /ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ ˈsikwənsɪŋ ˈdiˌɛˈneɪ/ ] | 测序 |
The process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
|
Unit 6 |
| genetic | [ /ʤəˈnɛtɪk/ ] | 基因工程 |
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals within a population.
|
Unit 6 |
| restriction enzyme | [ /riˈstrɪkʃən ˈɛnˌzaɪm/ ] | 限制性内切酶 |
An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences.
|
Unit 6 |
| complementary | [ /ˌkɑmpləˈmɛnʧi/ ] | 互补 DNA |
A DNA molecule synthesized from an RNA template using reverse transcriptase.
|
Unit 6 |
| engineering antibiotics | [ /ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ ˌæntibaɪˈɑtɪks/ ] | 抗生素 |
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
|
Unit 6 |
| antibiotic resistant gene | [ /ˌæntibaɪˈɑtɪk rɪˈzɪstənt ʤin/ ] | 切酶抗生素抗性基因基因 |
A gene that provides resistance to antibiotics, often used as a marker in genetic engineering.
|
Unit 6 |
| cDNA (complementary DNA) | [ /sˈiːdˈiːnˈeɪ/ ] | 互补DNA |
A synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule synthesized from a messenger RNA template using the retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase, lacking introns.
|
Unit 6 |
| evolution | [ /ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ ] | 进化 |
The process by which populations of organisms change over generations through variations in their genetic composition.
|
Unit 7 |
| natural selection | [ /ˈnæʧərəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 自然选择 |
The process where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
|
Unit 7 |
| overproduction | [ /ˈoʊvərprəˈdəkʃən/ ] | 过度繁殖 |
The evolutionary principle that organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support, creating intense competition for limited resources.
|
Unit 7 |
| fitness | [ /ˈfɪtnəs/ ] | 适应性 |
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
|
Unit 7 |
| adaptation | [ /ˌædəpˈteɪʃən/ ] | 适应 |
A heritable characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment.
|
Unit 7 |
| sexual selection | [ /ˈsɛkʃuəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 性选择 |
A type of natural selection where individuals with certain traits are more likely to attract mates and reproduce.
|
Unit 7 |
| artificial selection | [ /ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 人工选择 |
The human-directed breeding of organisms to enhance desirable traits.
|
Unit 7 |
| selective breeding | [ /səˈlɛktɪv ˈbridɪŋ/ ] | 选择育种 |
The intentional, human-directed breeding of organisms with desirable phenotypic traits over generations to produce specialized varieties or breeds.
|
Unit 7 |
| directional selection | [ /dɪˈrɛkʃɪnəl səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 定向选择 |
A form of selection that favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic range.
|
Unit 7 |
| disruptive selection | [ /dɪsˈrəptɪv səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 歧化选择 |
A type of selection that favors individuals at both extremes of a trait, leading to a bimodal distribution.
|
Unit 7 |
| stabilizing selection | [ /ˈsteɪbəˌlaɪzɪŋ səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 稳定选择 |
Selection that favors the intermediate variants, reducing variation in a population.
|
Unit 7 |
| fossil | [ /ˈfɑsəl/ ] | 化石 |
Preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past.
|
Unit 7 |
| biogeography | [ /bˌaɪoʊɡˌɑːfiːˈɑːriːə/ ] | 生物地理学 |
The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
|
Unit 7 |
| homologous structure | [ /hɑˈmɑləgəs ˈstrəkʧər/ ] | 同源结构 |
Anatomical features that are similar in structure but may have different functions， indicating a common ancestry.
|
Unit 7 |
| common ancestor/ common ancestry | [ /ˈkɑmən ˈænˌsɛstər / ˈkɑmən ˈænsɛstri/ ] | 共同祖先 |
The shared ancestor of two or more species from which they evolved.
|
Unit 7 |
| species | [ /ˈspiʃiz/ ] | 物种 |
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
|
Unit 7 |
| viable | [ /ˈvaɪəbəl/ ] | 可活的 |
Capable of surviving, developing normally, and maintaining metabolic independence in an environmental habitat.
|
Unit 7 |
| fertile | [ /ˈfərtəl/ ] | 可育的 |
Capable of producing viable, healthy gametes and successfully bearing offspring through sexual reproduction.
|
Unit 7 |
| speciation | [ /spˌɛʃiːˈeɪʃən/ ] | 物种产生 |
The evolutionary process by which new species arise.
|
Unit 7 |
| reproductive | [ /ˌriprəˈdəktɪv/ ] | 生殖隔离 |
Barriers that prevent two populations from interbreeding and producing viable， fertile offspring.
|
Unit 7 |
| sympatric | [ /sɪmpˈɑːtrɪk/ ] | 同域物种 |
The formation of new species within the same geographic area, often due to behavioral or ecological factors.
|
Unit 7 |
| allopatric speciation | [ /ˌæləpˈætrɪk spˌɛʃiːˈeɪʃən/ ] | 异域物种产生产生 |
The formation of new species due to geographic isolation.
|
Unit 7 |
| prezygotic barrier / isolation | [ /prˌɛdʒəzˈɔːtɪk ˈbɛriər / ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 合子前生殖隔离 |
A reproductive barrier that prevents fertilization from occurring between different species.
|
Unit 7 |
| speciation postzygotic | [ /spˌɛʃiːˈeɪʃən pˌoʊstiːɡzˈɑːtɪk/ ] | 产生合子后生殖 |
The evolutionary process by which new species arise.
|
Unit 7 |
| geographical isolation | [ /ˌʤiəˈgræfɪkəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 地理隔离 |
A physical separation of populations by geographic barriers (mountains, rivers, canyons) that prevents gene flow and initiates allopatric speciation.
|
Unit 7 |
| barrier habitat isolation | [ /ˈbɛriər ˈhæbəˌtæt ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 隔离栖息地隔离 |
A prezygotic reproductive barrier where two species inhabit different ecological niches within the same geographic area and rarely encounter each other to mate.
|
Unit 7 |
| barrier temporal isolation | [ /ˈbɛriər ˈtɛmpərəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 隔离时间隔离 |
A prezygotic barrier in which related species breed at different times of the day, during different seasons, or in different years, preventing interbreeding.
|
Unit 7 |
| behavioral isolation | [ /bɪˈheɪvjərəl ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 行为隔离 |
A prezygotic reproductive barrier characterized by differences in courtship rituals, vocalizations, or mating displays that prevent cross-mating between species.
|
Unit 7 |
| mechanical | [ /məˈkænɪkəl/ ] | 器官隔离 |
A prezygotic barrier where anatomical and structural differences in reproductive organs physically prevent successful copulation or pollen transfer.
|
Unit 7 |
| gametic isolation | [ /ɡəmˈɛtɪk ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 配子隔离 |
A prezygotic reproductive barrier where the sperm of one species is chemically incapable of fertilizing the egg of another species due to incompatible surface receptors.
|
Unit 7 |
| reduced hybrid | [ /rɪˈdust ˈhaɪbrɪd/ ] | 杂种生存力降低 |
A postzygotic barrier in which hybrid zygotes between two species fail to develop properly or survive to reproductive maturity due to genetic incompatibility.
|
Unit 7 |
| reduced hybrid fertility | [ /rɪˈdust ˈhaɪbrɪd fərˈtɪlɪti/ ] | 杂种育性降低 |
A postzygotic barrier where interspecific hybrid offspring develop into vigorous adults but are sterile due to abnormal meiosis (e.g., mules).
|
Unit 7 |
| hybrid breakdown | [ /ˈhaɪbrɪd ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn/ ] | 杂种退化 |
A postzygotic barrier where first-generation (F1) interspecific hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring (F2) are feeble, malformed, or sterile.
|
Unit 7 |
| viability punctuated equilibrium | [ /vaɪəˈbɪləti ˈpəŋkʧuˌeɪtɪd ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/ ] | 降低点断模式 |
The theory that evolutionary change occurs in rapid bursts followed by long periods ofstability.
|
Unit 7 |
| fertility gradualism | [ /fərˈtɪlɪti ˈgræʤəwəˌlɪzəm/ ] | 降低渐进式 |
The theory that evolution occurs through slow and steady changes over time.
|
Unit 7 |
| divergent evolution | [ /dɪˈvərʤənt ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ ] | 趋异进化 |
The process where related species evolve different traits, often due to different environments.
|
Unit 7 |
| adaptive radiation | [ /əˈdæptɪv ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/ ] | 适应性辐射 |
The rapid evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor to exploit different ecological niches.
|
Unit 7 |
| convergent evolution | [ /kənˈvərʤənt ˌɛvəˈluʃən/ ] | 趋同进化 |
The process where unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
|
Unit 7 |
| analogous structure | [ /əˈnæləgəs ˈstrəkʧər/ ] | 同功结构 |
Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.
|
Unit 7 |
| coevolution | [ /kˌoʊvəwˈɛlʃən/ ] | 协同进化 |
The reciprocal evolutionary influence between two or more species.
|
Unit 7 |
| phylogenetic tree | [ /fˌaɪələdʒənˈɛtɪk tri/ ] | 系统发生树 / 种系发生树 |
A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among species based on their common ancestry.
|
Unit 7 |
| cladogram | [ /ˈklædəɡræm/ ] | 进化分支树 |
A branching diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on shared characteristics.
|
Unit 7 |
| outgroup | [ /ˌaʊtɡrˈʌp/ ] | 外群 |
A species or group used for comparison that diverged before the species being studied.
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Unit 7 |
| extinction | [ /ɪkˈstɪŋʃən/ ] | 灭绝 |
The permanent loss of all members of a species.
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Unit 7 |
| Hardy-Weinberg | [ /hˈɑːrdjəwərbɪŋ/ ] | 哈迪温伯格平衡 |
A principle stating that allele frequencies in a population remain constant in the absence of evolutionary forces.
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Unit 7 |
| allele frequency | [ /əˈliːl ˈfrikwənsi/ ] | 等位基因 |
The proportion of a specific allele in a population's gene pool.
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Unit 7 |
| genotype | [ /ˈdʒiːnətaɪp/ ] | 基因型频率 |
The genetic makeup of an organism, represented by its alleles.
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Unit 7 |
| equilibrium genetic drift | [ /ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm ʤəˈnɛtɪk drɪft/ ] | 平衡基因漂变 |
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein.
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Unit 7 |
| bottlenecks | [ /ˈbɑtəlˌnɛks/ ] | 频率瓶颈效应 |
A sharp reduction in population size that reduces genetic diversity.
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Unit 7 |
| frequency founder effect | [ /ˈfrikwənsi ˈfaʊndər ˈifɛkt/ ] | 建立者效应 |
Reduced genetic variation that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population.
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Unit 7 |
| gene flow | [ /ʤin floʊ/ ] | 基因漂流 |
The transfer of alleles from one population to another.
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Unit 7 |
| Miller-Urey experiment | [ /mˈɪlərwˌɛriː ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/ ] | 米勒-尤里实验 |
A landmark 1953 origin-of-life simulation demonstrating that organic compounds, including amino acids, could abioticly synthesize from an inorganic reducing atmosphere.
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Unit 7 |
| RNAworld hypothesis RNA | [ /nˈɔːrwˌɜːrld haɪˈpɑθəsəs rˈeɪn/ ] | 世界假说 |
The hypothesis that early life forms relied on RNA for both genetic information and catalytic functions.
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Unit 7 |
| ecology | [ /ɪˈkɑləʤi/ ] | 生态学 |
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
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Unit 8 |
| organismal ecology | [ /ˈɔːrɡənzməsəl ɪˈkɑləʤi/ ] | 个体生态学 |
The branch of ecology that studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior help it survive and reproduce in its environment.
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Unit 8 |
| endotherm | [ /ˈɛndoʊθɜːrm/ ] | 恒温动物 |
An organism that generates its own body heat through internal metabolic processes to maintain a relatively stable internal temperature independently of the ambient environment.
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Unit 8 |
| ectotherm | [ /ˈɛktoʊθɜːrm/ ] | 变温动物 |
An organism that relies predominantly on external environmental heat sources (such as solar radiation) to regulate its internal body temperature.
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Unit 8 |
| altruism/ altruistic behavior | [ /ˈæltruˌɪzəm / ˌɔltruˈɪstɪk bɪˈheɪvjər/ ] | 利他行为 |
Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself.
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Unit 8 |
| kin selection | [ /kɪn səˈlɛkʃən/ ] | 亲缘选择 |
A type of natural selection where individuals increase their genetic fitness by helping relatives reproduce.
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Unit 8 |
| population | [ /ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən/ ] | 种群 |
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
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Unit 8 |
| exponential growth | [ /ˌɛkspoʊˈnɛnʃəl groʊθ/ ] | 指数型增长 |
Rapid population increase in ideal conditions, represented by a J-shaped curve.
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Unit 8 |
| logistic growth | [ /ləˈʤɪstɪk groʊθ/ ] | 逻辑斯蒂增长 |
Population growth that slows as it approaches the carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve.
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Unit 8 |
| carrying capacity (K) | [ /ˈkɛriɪŋ kəˈpæsɪti/ ] | 环境容纳量 / 承载力 |
The maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support.
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Unit 8 |
| density-dependent | [ /dˌɛnsɪtˈɪdpɪntɪd/ ] | 密度依赖 |
A factor whose effect on population size increases as population density rises, such as disease or competition.
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Unit 8 |
| density-independent factor | [ /dˌɛnsɪtˈɪntɪdənt ˈfæktər/ ] | 增长非密度依赖因素因素 |
A factor that affects population size regardless of density, such as weather or natural disasters.
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Unit 8 |
| capacity/K community | [ /kəˈpæsɪti / keɪ kəmˈjunɪti/ ] | 群落 |
A group of interacting species living in the same area.
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Unit 8 |
| factor species composition | [ /ˈfæktər ˈspiʃiz ˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃən/ ] | 因素物种组成 |
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
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Unit 8 |
| species diversity | [ /ˈspiʃiz dɪˈvərsɪti/ ] | 物种多样性 |
The variety of species in a community, including both richness and evenness.
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Unit 8 |
| species richness | [ /ˈspiʃiz ˈrɪʧnəs/ ] | 物种丰富度 |
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
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Unit 8 |
| species evenness | [ /ˈspiʃiz ˈivənnəs/ ] | 物种均衡度 |
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.
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Unit 8 |
| Simpson's diversity | [ /ˈsɪmpsənz dɪˈvərsɪti/ ] | 辛普森多样性指数 |
A mathematical quantitative metric (D = 1 - sum(n/N)^2) used to quantify biodiversity, taking into account both species richness and species evenness.
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Unit 8 |
| niche | [ /nɪʧ/ ] | 生态位 |
The role and position an organism has in its environment, including its interactions and resource use.
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Unit 8 |
| competition | [ /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/ ] | 竞争 |
The struggle between organisms for the same limited resources in an ecosystem.
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Unit 8 |
| index niche partitioning | [ /ˈɪndɛks nɪʧ pɑrˈtɪʃənɪŋ/ ] | 性指数生态位分离 |
The role and position an organism has in its environment, including its interactions and resource use.
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Unit 8 |
| predation | [ /prəˈdeɪʃən/ ] | 捕食 |
A biological interaction in which one free-living organism (the predator) hunts, kills, and consumes another organism (the prey) for sustenance.
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Unit 8 |
| predator | [ /ˈprɛdətər/ ] | 捕食者 |
An organism that naturally preys upon and consumes other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients.
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Unit 8 |
| prey | [ /preɪ/ ] | 被捕食者 |
An animal hunted, caught, and consumed by a predator in a predator-prey relationship.
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Unit 8 |
| herbivory | [ /hˈɜːrbɪvˌɔːriː/ ] | 食草 |
A trophic interaction in which an herbivore consumes autotrophic plant tissues or algae without necessarily killing the whole plant organism.
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Unit 8 |
| herbivore | [ /ˈərbɪˌvɔr/ ] | 食草动物 |
A primary consumer adapted anatomically and physiologically to feed exclusively or primarily on autotrophic plants or algae.
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Unit 8 |
| carnivore | [ /ˈkɑrnɪˌvɔr/ ] | 食肉动物 |
A secondary or tertiary consumer that obtains nutritional energy primarily by eating animal tissue.
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Unit 8 |
| food chain | [ /fud ʧeɪn/ ] | 食物链 |
A linear sequence showing how energy and nutrients flow from one organism to another.
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Unit 8 |
| food web | [ /fud wɛb/ ] | 食物网 |
A complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
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Unit 8 |
| producer | [ /prəˈdusər/ ] | 生产者 |
An organism that creates its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
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Unit 8 |
| consumer | [ /kənˈsumər/ ] | 消费者 |
An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms.
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Unit 8 |
| trophic level | [ /trˈɑːfɪk ˈlɛvəl/ ] | 营养级 |
A step in the food chain or food web, representing an organism's position in the flow of energy.
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Unit 8 |
| autotroph | [ /ˈɔːtətrɑːf/ ] | 自养型生物 |
An organism that produces its own food from inorganic sources.
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Unit 8 |
| photoautotroph | [ /ˌfoʊtoʊˈɔːtətrɑːf/ ] | 光能自养型 |
An autotroph that uses sunlight to produce energy through photosynthesis.
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Unit 8 |
| chemoautotroph | [ /ˌkiːmoʊˈɔːtətrɑːf/ ] | 化能自养型 |
An autotroph that uses chemical energy to produce food through chemosynthesis.
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Unit 8 |
| chemosynthesis | [ /ˌkiːmoʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/ ] | 化能合成作用 |
The process by which certain organisms produce energy-rich compounds using chemical energy instead of light.
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Unit 8 |
| heterotroph | [ /ˈhɛtərətrɑːf/ ] | 生物异养型生物 |
An organism that obtains energy by consuming other organisms.
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Unit 8 |
| 10% rule 10% | [ /rul/ ] | 生物原则 |
The principle that only about 10% of the energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next.
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Unit 8 |
| trophic pyramid | [ /trˈɑːfɪk ˈpɪrəmɪd/ ] | 作用营养金字塔 |
A graphical representation of energy or biomass distribution among trophic levels.
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Unit 8 |
| bottom-up model | [ /ˈbɑtəˌməp ˈmɑdəl/ ] | 自下而上模型 |
A model that suggests the availability of resources at the lowest trophic level determines the structure of the ecosystem.
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Unit 8 |
| top-down model | [ /ˈtɔpˌdaʊn ˈmɑdəl/ ] | 自上而下模型 |
A model where predators regulate the structure and population sizes of lower trophic levels.
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Unit 8 |
| trophic cascade | [ /trˈɑːfɪk kæˈskeɪd/ ] | 营养级联 |
A model where predators regulate the structure and population sizes of lower trophic levels.
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Unit 8 |
| symbiosis | [ /ˌsɪmbaɪˈoʊsɪs/ ] | 共生现象 |
A close, long-term interaction between two different species.
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Unit 8 |
| mutualism | [ /ˈmjuːtʃuəlɪzəm/ ] | 互利共生 |
A type of symbiosis where both species benefit from the interaction.
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Unit 8 |
| parasitism | [ /ˈpærəsɪtɪzəm/ ] | 寄生 |
A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits while the other is harmed
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Unit 8 |
| parasite | [ /ˈpɛrəˌsaɪt/ ] | 寄生者 |
An organism that lives on or inside a host organism and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host organism's expense, often causing physiological harm.
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Unit 8 |
| host | [ /hoʊst/ ] | 宿主 |
An organism that harbors and provides nutritional sustenance or shelter to a symbiotic parasite or mutualistic organism.
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Unit 8 |
| commensalism | [ /kəˈmɛnsəlɪzəm/ ] | 共栖 |
A type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
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Unit 8 |
| decomposer | [ /dˌiːkəmpˈoʊzər/ ] | 分解者 |
An organism (such as fungi and bacteria) that digests and breaks down dead organic matter and metabolic wastes into essential inorganic nutrients, recycling them through the ecosystem.
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Unit 8 |
| decomposition | [ /ˌdikəmpəˈzɪʃən/ ] | 分解作用 |
The process by which decomposers break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem.
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Unit 8 |
| keystone species | [ /ˈkiˌstoʊn ˈspiʃiz/ ] | 关键物种 |
A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its ecosystem relative to its abundance.
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Unit 8 |
| ecosystem diversity | [ /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm dɪˈvərsɪti/ ] | 生态系统多样性 |
A biological community and its physical environment interacting as a system.
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Unit 8 |
| biotic factor | [ /bˌaɪətˈɛk ˈfæktər/ ] | 生物要素 |
A living component of an ecosystem, such as plants or animals.
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Unit 8 |
| abiotic factor | [ /ˌæbiːˈɑːtɪk ˈfæktər/ ] | 非生物要素 |
A non-living component of an ecosystem, such as sunlight, water, or temperature.
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Unit 8 |
| biodiversity | [ /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvərsəti/ ] | 生物多样性 |
The variety of life in all its forms, levels, and combinations within an ecosystem.
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Unit 8 |
| invasive species | [ /ˌɪnˈveɪsɪv ˈspiʃiz/ ] | 入侵性物种 |
A non-native species that spreads rapidly and causes harm to ecosystems.
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Unit 8 |